Publications
21.
Hegde, A.; Festag, A.
Artery-C: An OMNeT++ Based Discrete Event Simulation Framework for Cellular V2X (Short version) Proceedings Article
In: ACM 23rd Annual International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM), pp. 47–51, Alicante, Spain, 2020.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, simulation, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Hegde:MSWIM:2020,
title = {Artery-C: An OMNeT++ Based Discrete Event Simulation Framework for Cellular V2X (Short version)},
author = {A. Hegde and A. Festag},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3416010.3423240},
doi = {10.1145/3416010.3423240},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-11-16},
urldate = {2020-11-16},
booktitle = {ACM 23rd Annual International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM)},
pages = {47–51},
address = {Alicante, Spain},
abstract = {Introduced with LTE Release 14, Cellular V2X enables device-to-device communication to support road safety and traffic efficiency applications. We present Artery-C, a simulation framework for the performance evaluation of Cellular V2X protocols and V2X applications. Our simulator relies on the simulation framework SimuLTE and substantially extends it by implementing control and user planes, a dedicated sidelink interface with specific focus on dynamic mode switching and some advanced features of 5G mobile networks, such as variable numerologies. Artery-C integrates seamlessly into the simulation framework Artery, which enables the simulation of standardized V2X messages at the facilities layer as well as the coupling to the mobility simulator SUMO. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of Artery-C, we evaluate V2X-based platooning as a representative use case and present results for mode 3, mode 4 and mode switching in a highway scenario.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, simulation, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Introduced with LTE Release 14, Cellular V2X enables device-to-device communication to support road safety and traffic efficiency applications. We present Artery-C, a simulation framework for the performance evaluation of Cellular V2X protocols and V2X applications. Our simulator relies on the simulation framework SimuLTE and substantially extends it by implementing control and user planes, a dedicated sidelink interface with specific focus on dynamic mode switching and some advanced features of 5G mobile networks, such as variable numerologies. Artery-C integrates seamlessly into the simulation framework Artery, which enables the simulation of standardized V2X messages at the facilities layer as well as the coupling to the mobility simulator SUMO. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of Artery-C, we evaluate V2X-based platooning as a representative use case and present results for mode 3, mode 4 and mode switching in a highway scenario.
22.
Delooz, Q.; Festag, A.; Vinel, A.
Revisiting Message Generation Strategies for Collective Perception in Connected and Automated Driving Proceedings Article
In: 9th International Conference on Advances in Vehicular Systems, Technologies and Applications (VEHICULAR), Porto, Portugal, 2020, ISBN: 978-1-61208-795-5.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, sensor data sharing, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Delooz:VEHICULAR:2020,
title = {Revisiting Message Generation Strategies for Collective Perception in Connected and Automated Driving},
author = {Q. Delooz and A. Festag and A. Vinel},
url = {https://www.thinkmind.org/articles/vehicular_2020_1_80_30039.pdf},
isbn = {978-1-61208-795-5},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-10-18},
urldate = {2020-10-18},
booktitle = {9th International Conference on Advances in Vehicular Systems, Technologies and Applications (VEHICULAR)},
address = {Porto, Portugal},
abstract = {Collective perception enables vehicles to exchange preprocessed sensor data and is being standardized as a 2nd generation V2X communication service. The European standardization in ETSI foresees the exchange of detected objects and defined a dedicated message type (Collective Perception Message, CPM) with rules to decide when and with which objects the message should be generated, referred to as generation rules. The choice of these rules is not straightforward and influences both channel load and perception quality. For the object inclusion, ETSI currently follows a similar policy as for the generation of Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM): The objects are filtered based on their dynamics. We regard this approach as conservative. The present paper revisits the generation rules for the CPM and applies two approaches for object inclusion to the CPM – the conservative strategy of ETSI and a more 'greedy' strategy. We assess the performance by discrete-event simulations in a scenario representing a city with realistic vehicle densities and mobility patterns. The simulations take into account the effects imposed by decentralized congestion control. Considering that ETSI currently follows the conservative strategy, we conclude that the application of a greedy strategy improves the perception quality in low-density scenarios.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, sensor data sharing, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Collective perception enables vehicles to exchange preprocessed sensor data and is being standardized as a 2nd generation V2X communication service. The European standardization in ETSI foresees the exchange of detected objects and defined a dedicated message type (Collective Perception Message, CPM) with rules to decide when and with which objects the message should be generated, referred to as generation rules. The choice of these rules is not straightforward and influences both channel load and perception quality. For the object inclusion, ETSI currently follows a similar policy as for the generation of Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM): The objects are filtered based on their dynamics. We regard this approach as conservative. The present paper revisits the generation rules for the CPM and applies two approaches for object inclusion to the CPM – the conservative strategy of ETSI and a more 'greedy' strategy. We assess the performance by discrete-event simulations in a scenario representing a city with realistic vehicle densities and mobility patterns. The simulations take into account the effects imposed by decentralized congestion control. Considering that ETSI currently follows the conservative strategy, we conclude that the application of a greedy strategy improves the perception quality in low-density scenarios.
23.
Hegde, A.; Festag, A.
Artery-C: An OMNeT++ Based Discrete Event Simulation Framework for Cellular V2X (Long version) Journal Article
In: arXiv, 2020, (arXiv:2009.05724 [cs.NI]).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, modeling, simulation, V2X communication
@article{Hegde:ARXIV:2020,
title = {Artery-C: An OMNeT++ Based Discrete Event Simulation Framework for Cellular V2X (Long version)},
author = {A. Hegde and A. Festag},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.05724},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-09-12},
urldate = {2020-09-12},
journal = {arXiv},
abstract = {Cellular Vehicle-to-X (Cellular V2X) is a communication technology that aims to facilitate the communication among vehicles and with the roadside infrastructure. Introduced with LTE Release 14, Cellular V2X enables device-to-device communication to support road safety and traffic efficiency applications. We present Artery-C, a simulation framework for the performance evaluation of Cellular V2X protocols and V2X applications. Our simulator relies on the simulation framework SimuLTE and substantially extends it by implementing control and user planes. Besides the vehicle-to-network communication via the up-/downlink interface, it provides vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-infrastructure communication via the sidelink interface using the managed and the unmanaged mode of Cellular V2X (mode 3 and 4, respectively). The simulator also implements advanced features of 5G mobile networks, such as variable numerologies. For the transmission of of V2X messages, it adds a non-IP interface. Artery-C integrates seamlessly into the simulation framework Artery, which enables the simulation of standardized V2X messages at the facilities layer as well as the coupling to the mobility simulator SUMO. A specific feature of Artery-C is the support of dynamic switching between all modes of Cellular V2X. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of Artery-C, we evaluate V2X-based platooning as a representative use case and present results for mode 3, mode 4 and mode switching in a highway scenario.},
note = {arXiv:2009.05724 [cs.NI]},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, modeling, simulation, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cellular Vehicle-to-X (Cellular V2X) is a communication technology that aims to facilitate the communication among vehicles and with the roadside infrastructure. Introduced with LTE Release 14, Cellular V2X enables device-to-device communication to support road safety and traffic efficiency applications. We present Artery-C, a simulation framework for the performance evaluation of Cellular V2X protocols and V2X applications. Our simulator relies on the simulation framework SimuLTE and substantially extends it by implementing control and user planes. Besides the vehicle-to-network communication via the up-/downlink interface, it provides vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-infrastructure communication via the sidelink interface using the managed and the unmanaged mode of Cellular V2X (mode 3 and 4, respectively). The simulator also implements advanced features of 5G mobile networks, such as variable numerologies. For the transmission of of V2X messages, it adds a non-IP interface. Artery-C integrates seamlessly into the simulation framework Artery, which enables the simulation of standardized V2X messages at the facilities layer as well as the coupling to the mobility simulator SUMO. A specific feature of Artery-C is the support of dynamic switching between all modes of Cellular V2X. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of Artery-C, we evaluate V2X-based platooning as a representative use case and present results for mode 3, mode 4 and mode switching in a highway scenario.
24.
Delooz, Q.; Festag, A.
Network Load Adaptation for Collective Perception in V2X Communication Proceedings Article
In: IEEE International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Graz, Austria, 2019.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, sensor data sharing, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Delooz:ICCVE:2019,
title = {Network Load Adaptation for Collective Perception in V2X Communication},
author = {Q. Delooz and A. Festag},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8964988},
doi = {10.1109/ICCVE45908.2019.8964988},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-04},
urldate = {2019-11-04},
booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE)},
address = {Graz, Austria},
abstract = {Collective perception uses V2X communications to increase the perception capabilities of vehicles. Relying on the perceived data from their local sensors, nodes exchange information about the objects they detect in their surroundings. An object can be anything significant for the nodes' safety, e.g., obstacles on the road, other vehicles or pedestrians. The amount of data generated by each node is determined by the number of perceived objects and the generation frequency of the messages carrying the detected objects. Considering the limited bandwidth of the wireless channel, the data load generated by collective perception can easily exceed the channel capacity. In this paper, we investigate three schemes that filter the number of objects in the messages and thereby adjust the network load in order to optimize the transmission of perceived objects. Our simulation-based performance evaluation indicates that the use of filtering is an effective approach to improve network-related performance metrics, whereas the expected impairment of the perception quality is rather small. The comparison of the filtering algorithms provide insights into the tradeoff between network-related metrics and perception quality.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, sensor data sharing, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Collective perception uses V2X communications to increase the perception capabilities of vehicles. Relying on the perceived data from their local sensors, nodes exchange information about the objects they detect in their surroundings. An object can be anything significant for the nodes' safety, e.g., obstacles on the road, other vehicles or pedestrians. The amount of data generated by each node is determined by the number of perceived objects and the generation frequency of the messages carrying the detected objects. Considering the limited bandwidth of the wireless channel, the data load generated by collective perception can easily exceed the channel capacity. In this paper, we investigate three schemes that filter the number of objects in the messages and thereby adjust the network load in order to optimize the transmission of perceived objects. Our simulation-based performance evaluation indicates that the use of filtering is an effective approach to improve network-related performance metrics, whereas the expected impairment of the perception quality is rather small. The comparison of the filtering algorithms provide insights into the tradeoff between network-related metrics and perception quality.
25.
Hegde, A.; Festag, A.
Mode Switching Strategies in Cellular-V2X Proceedings Article
In: 10th IFAC Symposium on Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles, Gdansk, Poland, 2019.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, simulation, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Hegde:IFAC:2019,
title = {Mode Switching Strategies in Cellular-V2X},
author = {A. Hegde and A. Festag},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405896319303829},
doi = {10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.08.052},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-07-03},
urldate = {2019-07-03},
booktitle = {10th IFAC Symposium on Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles},
address = {Gdansk, Poland},
abstract = {Cellular-V2X facilitates a direct communication among vehicles and with the roadside traffic infrastructure. It addresses use cases for safety and traffic efficiency, where data are disseminated in a vehicle's vicinity with short-latency constraints. Cellular-V2X provides two modes: when the vehicle is located in the coverage of the cellular network, the corresponding base station manages the transmission resources for the direct message exchange. In the out-of-coverage mode, the vehicle does not require cellular coverage and allocates its resources autonomously. Though the in-coverage mode is the preferred mode of operation, it is not always available. Due to the vehicle mobility and other reasons, a vehicle may need to dynamically switch between the two modes. Mode switching affects the communication quality since the vehicle cannot send and receive messages during the execution of the switching procedure. We propose three decision strategies for mode switching: forced, signal strength-based and load-based mode switching. We describe the mode switching decision by a cost function and derive individual functions for each of the proposed strategies. Decomposing the overall mode switching procedure into subsequent phases, we understand the different types of latencies incurred at every stage of mode switching.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, simulation, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Cellular-V2X facilitates a direct communication among vehicles and with the roadside traffic infrastructure. It addresses use cases for safety and traffic efficiency, where data are disseminated in a vehicle's vicinity with short-latency constraints. Cellular-V2X provides two modes: when the vehicle is located in the coverage of the cellular network, the corresponding base station manages the transmission resources for the direct message exchange. In the out-of-coverage mode, the vehicle does not require cellular coverage and allocates its resources autonomously. Though the in-coverage mode is the preferred mode of operation, it is not always available. Due to the vehicle mobility and other reasons, a vehicle may need to dynamically switch between the two modes. Mode switching affects the communication quality since the vehicle cannot send and receive messages during the execution of the switching procedure. We propose three decision strategies for mode switching: forced, signal strength-based and load-based mode switching. We describe the mode switching decision by a cost function and derive individual functions for each of the proposed strategies. Decomposing the overall mode switching procedure into subsequent phases, we understand the different types of latencies incurred at every stage of mode switching.
26.
Hung, S. C.; Zhang, X.; Festag, A.; Chen, K. C.; Fettweis, G.
Vehicle-Centric Network Association in Heterogeneous Vehicle-to-Vehicle Networks Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 5981-5996, 2019.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, handover, Intelligent Transport Systems, optimization, V2X communication
@article{Hung:TransVehTechn:2019,
title = {Vehicle-Centric Network Association in Heterogeneous Vehicle-to-Vehicle Networks},
author = {S. C. Hung and X. Zhang and A. Festag and K. C. Chen and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8686054},
doi = {10.1109/TVT.2019.2910324},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-04-11},
urldate = {2019-04-11},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology},
volume = {68},
number = {6},
pages = {5981-5996},
abstract = {Safe and reliable operation of future autonomous vehicles requires ultra-low latency vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networking. However, due to scalability issues of purely ad hoc network, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication is still in demand. To avoid interference between V2V and V2I communications, conventional network association such as handover may generate a large amount of control and signaling overhead, especially in environments with high-speed mobility and small-coverage access points. Taking the additional latency caused by the overhead into consideration, a vehicle-centric approach is proposed to guarantee the low-latency requirements of the V2V networks. Different from solely optimizing the latency performance, the proposed approach focuses on effectively operating the network association and resources re-allocation. This avoids the massive exchange of control information and signaling and reduces its impact on latency. The proposed framework for V2V networking can underlay different virtual cells with a constrained network association rate and we can derive the corresponding upper bound of the latency performance. Analysis and simulation results indicate that our scheme successfully guarantees the upper bound of the latency and simultaneously constrains the network association rate, thus limiting the additional control exchange and signaling overhead.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, handover, Intelligent Transport Systems, optimization, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Safe and reliable operation of future autonomous vehicles requires ultra-low latency vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networking. However, due to scalability issues of purely ad hoc network, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication is still in demand. To avoid interference between V2V and V2I communications, conventional network association such as handover may generate a large amount of control and signaling overhead, especially in environments with high-speed mobility and small-coverage access points. Taking the additional latency caused by the overhead into consideration, a vehicle-centric approach is proposed to guarantee the low-latency requirements of the V2V networks. Different from solely optimizing the latency performance, the proposed approach focuses on effectively operating the network association and resources re-allocation. This avoids the massive exchange of control information and signaling and reduces its impact on latency. The proposed framework for V2V networking can underlay different virtual cells with a constrained network association rate and we can derive the corresponding upper bound of the latency performance. Analysis and simulation results indicate that our scheme successfully guarantees the upper bound of the latency and simultaneously constrains the network association rate, thus limiting the additional control exchange and signaling overhead.
27.
Kühlmorgen, S.; Lu, H.; Festag, A.; Kenney, J.; Gemsheim, S.; Fettweis, G.
Evaluation of Congestion-Enabled Forwarding With Mixed Data Traffic in Vehicular Communications Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 233-247, 2019.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: ad hoc networking, Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, V2X communication
@article{Kuehlmorgen:IEEETransITS:2020,
title = {Evaluation of Congestion-Enabled Forwarding With Mixed Data Traffic in Vehicular Communications},
author = {S. Kühlmorgen and H. Lu and A. Festag and J. Kenney and S. Gemsheim and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8617699},
doi = {10.1109/TITS.2018.2890619},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-17},
urldate = {2019-01-17},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {233-247},
abstract = {ITS-G5 is a communication system for vehicle-to-everything communication for road safety and traffic efficiency applications. On the lower layers, it is based on IEEE 802.11 standard and uses a simple ad hoc mode with a random medium access control scheme. Ad hoc networking is realized by a geographical routing scheme that provides single- and multi-hop communication over ITS-G5 links for periodic and event-driven broadcast messages. Specifically, contention-based forwarding (CBF) allows for efficient and reliable multi-hop packet transport by overhearing and timer-based transmission control. To cope with the channel congestion, decentralized congestion control (DCC) adjusts the message rate and ensures that the network load keeps below a predefined threshold of the bandwidth. To enforce a node's message rate, a `` Gatekeeper'' above the MAC and beneath CBF is added. Under high network load, this Gatekeeper introduces an additional queuing delay seen by CBF, which can cause its overhearing function to fail. This contribution studies multi-hop forwarding in the context of DCC with the Gatekeeper and LIMERIC as a rate adaptation algorithm. We propose a congestion-enabled forwarding scheme that, in comparison to existing approaches considering DCC and forwarding separately, restores the efficient operation of CBF, and improves the communication performance in terms of reliability and latency for mixed data traffic composed of single- and multi-hop packets with different priorities. The simulations show the performance improvements in a freeway scenario. An analysis assesses the boundary conditions for CBF and the Gatekeeper. Moreover, the analysis corroborates the simulation.},
keywords = {ad hoc networking, Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
ITS-G5 is a communication system for vehicle-to-everything communication for road safety and traffic efficiency applications. On the lower layers, it is based on IEEE 802.11 standard and uses a simple ad hoc mode with a random medium access control scheme. Ad hoc networking is realized by a geographical routing scheme that provides single- and multi-hop communication over ITS-G5 links for periodic and event-driven broadcast messages. Specifically, contention-based forwarding (CBF) allows for efficient and reliable multi-hop packet transport by overhearing and timer-based transmission control. To cope with the channel congestion, decentralized congestion control (DCC) adjusts the message rate and ensures that the network load keeps below a predefined threshold of the bandwidth. To enforce a node's message rate, a `` Gatekeeper'' above the MAC and beneath CBF is added. Under high network load, this Gatekeeper introduces an additional queuing delay seen by CBF, which can cause its overhearing function to fail. This contribution studies multi-hop forwarding in the context of DCC with the Gatekeeper and LIMERIC as a rate adaptation algorithm. We propose a congestion-enabled forwarding scheme that, in comparison to existing approaches considering DCC and forwarding separately, restores the efficient operation of CBF, and improves the communication performance in terms of reliability and latency for mixed data traffic composed of single- and multi-hop packets with different priorities. The simulations show the performance improvements in a freeway scenario. An analysis assesses the boundary conditions for CBF and the Gatekeeper. Moreover, the analysis corroborates the simulation.
28.
Fritzsche, R.; Festag, A.
Reliability Maximization with Location-Based Scheduling for Cellular-V2X Communications in Highway Scenarios Proceedings Article
In: IEEE 16th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems Telecommunications (ITST), Lisbon, Portugal, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, optimization, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Fritzsche:ITST:2018,
title = {Reliability Maximization with Location-Based Scheduling for Cellular-V2X Communications in Highway Scenarios},
author = {R. Fritzsche and A. Festag},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8566935},
doi = {10.1109/ITST.2018.8566935},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-10-15},
urldate = {2018-12-10},
booktitle = {IEEE 16th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems Telecommunications (ITST)},
address = {Lisbon, Portugal},
abstract = {Advanced applications in intelligent transport systems (ITS) are based on V2X (vehicle-to-everything) communications. In order to share information about, e.g., vehicle status, critical events or perceived objects in the vicinity, respective services suggest direct communication links (device-to-device) among vehicles, as introduced in ITS-G5 and Cellular-V2X. A major challenge for direct communications systems is the utilization of available radio resources.In this work, we present a resource scheduling scheme based on vehicle locations, aiming to maximize the reliability of message transmission in highway scenarios, considering a given bandwidth. The scheme consists of two steps: first we determine the optimal distance between vehicles utilizing equivalent radio resources. We extend our previous work and provide a closed form solution for the outage probability. The quasi-convex expression can be solved with standard optimization algorithms. In the second step, we propose radio resource allocation strategies that rely on the optimal scheduling distance. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our proposed scheme compared to a fixed scheduling distance.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, optimization, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Advanced applications in intelligent transport systems (ITS) are based on V2X (vehicle-to-everything) communications. In order to share information about, e.g., vehicle status, critical events or perceived objects in the vicinity, respective services suggest direct communication links (device-to-device) among vehicles, as introduced in ITS-G5 and Cellular-V2X. A major challenge for direct communications systems is the utilization of available radio resources.In this work, we present a resource scheduling scheme based on vehicle locations, aiming to maximize the reliability of message transmission in highway scenarios, considering a given bandwidth. The scheme consists of two steps: first we determine the optimal distance between vehicles utilizing equivalent radio resources. We extend our previous work and provide a closed form solution for the outage probability. The quasi-convex expression can be solved with standard optimization algorithms. In the second step, we propose radio resource allocation strategies that rely on the optimal scheduling distance. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our proposed scheme compared to a fixed scheduling distance.
29.
Kühlmorgen, S.; Schmarger, P.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Simulation-based Evaluation of ETSI ITS-G5 and Cellular-VCS in a Real-World Traffic Scenario Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), Chicago, IL, US, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, performance, simulation, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Kuelmorgen:VTCFall:2018,
title = {Simulation-based Evaluation of ETSI ITS-G5 and Cellular-VCS in a Real-World Traffic Scenario},
author = {S. Kühlmorgen and P. Schmarger and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8691011},
doi = {10.1109/VTCFall.2018.8691011},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-08-27},
booktitle = {IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)},
address = {Chicago, IL, US},
abstract = {In recent years, two candidates for vehicular communications have evolved for the support of road safety and traffic efficiency applications. On the one hand, ad-hoc networks exist based on the ITS-G5/802.11p protocol stack, and on the other hand, there are cellular network infrastructures based on an extended LTE stack, which we refer to as Cellular-based Vehicular Communication Systems (Cellular-VCS). The most important extension of the classical LTE stack is a direct link among vehicles which is also called Device-to-Device (D2D) communication. Both approaches meet the requirements on vehicular communications but show technology-inherent mechanisms that result in different performances. ITS-G5 features a small latency at a small network load whereas Cellular-VCS promises a highly reliable packet transmission. One of the main difference of both approaches lies in the channel access which is random-based for ITS-G5 and centrally scheduled for Cellular-VCS. This contribution studies the performance of the two named technologies in a real-world road traffic scenario through comprehensive simulations. The simulation scenario makes use of real road traffic density measurements for modeling the mobility of the vehicles. Mixed network data traffic of periodically and event-based messages is generated through particular generation rules. The results prove that both technologies work stable at moderate road traffic conditions but have significant differences in the quantified communication parameters.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, performance, simulation, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In recent years, two candidates for vehicular communications have evolved for the support of road safety and traffic efficiency applications. On the one hand, ad-hoc networks exist based on the ITS-G5/802.11p protocol stack, and on the other hand, there are cellular network infrastructures based on an extended LTE stack, which we refer to as Cellular-based Vehicular Communication Systems (Cellular-VCS). The most important extension of the classical LTE stack is a direct link among vehicles which is also called Device-to-Device (D2D) communication. Both approaches meet the requirements on vehicular communications but show technology-inherent mechanisms that result in different performances. ITS-G5 features a small latency at a small network load whereas Cellular-VCS promises a highly reliable packet transmission. One of the main difference of both approaches lies in the channel access which is random-based for ITS-G5 and centrally scheduled for Cellular-VCS. This contribution studies the performance of the two named technologies in a real-world road traffic scenario through comprehensive simulations. The simulation scenario makes use of real road traffic density measurements for modeling the mobility of the vehicles. Mixed network data traffic of periodically and event-based messages is generated through particular generation rules. The results prove that both technologies work stable at moderate road traffic conditions but have significant differences in the quantified communication parameters.
30.
Fritzsche, R.; Festag, A.
Location-Based Scheduling for Cellular V2V Systems in Highway Scenarios Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring), Porto, Portugal, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, optimization, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Fritzsche:VTC:2018,
title = {Location-Based Scheduling for Cellular V2V Systems in Highway Scenarios},
author = {R. Fritzsche and A. Festag},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8417744},
doi = {10.1109/VTCSpring.2018.8417744},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-06-03},
booktitle = {IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring)},
address = {Porto, Portugal},
abstract = {In intelligent transport systems (ITS), vehicular users broadcast messages with ego information such as position, speed, and other. For exchanging ITS messages directly among vehicles via cellular sidelink transmission, the base station assigns dedicated V2V radio resources for users in coverage. To improve spectral efficiency, the same radio resource can be simultaneously scheduled to multiple vehicles within a cell, e.g., based on a minimum vehicle distance. This distance can be determined by location information obtained from ITS messages. In this work, we introduce a framework for location-based scheduling, exposing basic relations among cell spectral efficiency, communication range and reliability. Based on the framework we show that an optimal scheduling distance exists, which maximizes the cell throughput by guaranteeing range and reliability constraints. The optimized distance can then be utilized by the base station scheduler, which benefits from a closed form solution for the outage probability, derived in this work. We validate that the proposed form with its simplifications achieves a similar performance compared with the optimal solution, obtained by Monte Carlo simulations.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, optimization, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In intelligent transport systems (ITS), vehicular users broadcast messages with ego information such as position, speed, and other. For exchanging ITS messages directly among vehicles via cellular sidelink transmission, the base station assigns dedicated V2V radio resources for users in coverage. To improve spectral efficiency, the same radio resource can be simultaneously scheduled to multiple vehicles within a cell, e.g., based on a minimum vehicle distance. This distance can be determined by location information obtained from ITS messages. In this work, we introduce a framework for location-based scheduling, exposing basic relations among cell spectral efficiency, communication range and reliability. Based on the framework we show that an optimal scheduling distance exists, which maximizes the cell throughput by guaranteeing range and reliability constraints. The optimized distance can then be utilized by the base station scheduler, which benefits from a closed form solution for the outage probability, derived in this work. We validate that the proposed form with its simplifications achieves a similar performance compared with the optimal solution, obtained by Monte Carlo simulations.
31.
Zhang, D.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Performance of Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing Based Physical Layer in Vehicular Communication Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 9809-9824, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, V2X communication, wireless communication
@article{Zhang:TVT:2017,
title = {Performance of Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing Based Physical Layer in Vehicular Communication},
author = {D. Zhang and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7968507},
doi = {10.1109/TVT.2017.2723729},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-07-05},
urldate = {2017-07-05},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology},
volume = {66},
number = {11},
pages = {9809-9824},
abstract = {Vehicular communications enable information exchange among vehicles including the roadside infrastructure. This has led to applications to primarily increase road safety and traffic efficiency. Standardization efforts on vehicular communications are underway. The physical layer (PHY) is defined based on the IEEE 802.11 family of WiFi standards operating at the 5.9 GHz frequency band and on extensions of long-term evolution (LTE); in both cases orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the waveform of choice. Since the typical environment of WiFi deployment is very different to the vehicular communication environment, it is a challenging task to adapt the WiFi-based PHY for providing reliable and real-time communications under highly time- and frequency-selective fading channels. In this paper, the employment of an alternative waveform termed generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) for vehicular communication is investigated. Specifically, a GFDM-based packet design is proposed on the basis of the standard-compliant OFDM-based PHY configuration. On the receiver side, this paper focuses on developing synchronization, channel estimation, and equalization algorithms. The performance of the resulting GFDM-based PHY is verified and compared with the OFDM-based one by means of simulation. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed GFDM-based PHY can utilize the time and frequency resources more efficiently, and outperform particularly under challenging channel conditions. Additionally, the low out-of-band emission of GFDM is a desirable feature for future multichannel operation (MCO) in vehicular communications.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, V2X communication, wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Vehicular communications enable information exchange among vehicles including the roadside infrastructure. This has led to applications to primarily increase road safety and traffic efficiency. Standardization efforts on vehicular communications are underway. The physical layer (PHY) is defined based on the IEEE 802.11 family of WiFi standards operating at the 5.9 GHz frequency band and on extensions of long-term evolution (LTE); in both cases orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the waveform of choice. Since the typical environment of WiFi deployment is very different to the vehicular communication environment, it is a challenging task to adapt the WiFi-based PHY for providing reliable and real-time communications under highly time- and frequency-selective fading channels. In this paper, the employment of an alternative waveform termed generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) for vehicular communication is investigated. Specifically, a GFDM-based packet design is proposed on the basis of the standard-compliant OFDM-based PHY configuration. On the receiver side, this paper focuses on developing synchronization, channel estimation, and equalization algorithms. The performance of the resulting GFDM-based PHY is verified and compared with the OFDM-based one by means of simulation. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed GFDM-based PHY can utilize the time and frequency resources more efficiently, and outperform particularly under challenging channel conditions. Additionally, the low out-of-band emission of GFDM is a desirable feature for future multichannel operation (MCO) in vehicular communications.
32.
Kühlmorgen, S.; González, A.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Improving Communication-based Intersection Safety by Cooperative Relaying with Joint Decoding Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Redondo Beach, CA, USA, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, cooperative relaying, Intelligent Transport Systems, intersection, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Kuehlmorgen:IV:2017,
title = {Improving Communication-based Intersection Safety by Cooperative Relaying with Joint Decoding},
author = {S. Kühlmorgen and A. González and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7995796},
doi = {10.1109/IVS.2017.7995796},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-06-14},
urldate = {2017-07-31},
booktitle = {IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)},
address = {Redondo Beach, CA, USA},
abstract = {Vehicular communications have a great potential to improve intersection safety and traffic efficiency. Achieving a high application performance is challenging due to the specific propagation conditions caused by buildings and obstacles found at urban intersections. Relying on the state-of-the-art solution for vehicular communication based on IEEE 802.11, we extend contention-based forwarding to distribute data packets via multiple paths and apply joint decoding on erroneous received data packets. We study the gain of cooperative relaying with joint decoding on the performance of collision avoidance applications in an intersection scenario. We could show that with our algorithm the awareness distance and reliability is increased up to 25m and 55, respectively, under poor channel conditions.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, cooperative relaying, Intelligent Transport Systems, intersection, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Vehicular communications have a great potential to improve intersection safety and traffic efficiency. Achieving a high application performance is challenging due to the specific propagation conditions caused by buildings and obstacles found at urban intersections. Relying on the state-of-the-art solution for vehicular communication based on IEEE 802.11, we extend contention-based forwarding to distribute data packets via multiple paths and apply joint decoding on erroneous received data packets. We study the gain of cooperative relaying with joint decoding on the performance of collision avoidance applications in an intersection scenario. We could show that with our algorithm the awareness distance and reliability is increased up to 25m and 55, respectively, under poor channel conditions.
33.
Kühlmorgen, S.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Evaluation of Multi-hop Packet Prioritization for Decentralized Congestion Control in VANETs Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), San Francisco, CA, USA, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, performance, simulation, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Kuehlmorgen:WCNC:2017,
title = {Evaluation of Multi-hop Packet Prioritization for Decentralized Congestion Control in VANETs},
author = {S. Kühlmorgen and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7925899},
doi = {10.1109/WCNC.2017.7925899},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-03-19},
urldate = {2017-05-11},
booktitle = {IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC)},
address = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
abstract = {Decentralized congestion control (DCC) in ITS-G5 based vehicular ad hoc networks ensures that the requirements of safety and traffic efficiency applications are met even under high vehicle density and channel load conditions. In European standardization, a "gatekeeper" on top of the ITS-G5 MAC sub-layer is being considered that controls a node's packet rate as a function of the channel load. This paper studies the performance of the gatekeeper with packet prioritization and an adaptive linear control algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the gatekeeper with priority queuing (PQ) can effectively handle different packet priorities for multi-hop packets. Our gatekeeper-specific enhancements of the forwarding algorithm yield performance improvements in terms of reliability and latency compared to the plain DCC approach. Finally, we discuss the issue of packet starvation caused by the gatekeeper's PQ scheme that affects the performance of lower-priority packets.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, performance, simulation, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Decentralized congestion control (DCC) in ITS-G5 based vehicular ad hoc networks ensures that the requirements of safety and traffic efficiency applications are met even under high vehicle density and channel load conditions. In European standardization, a "gatekeeper" on top of the ITS-G5 MAC sub-layer is being considered that controls a node's packet rate as a function of the channel load. This paper studies the performance of the gatekeeper with packet prioritization and an adaptive linear control algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the gatekeeper with priority queuing (PQ) can effectively handle different packet priorities for multi-hop packets. Our gatekeeper-specific enhancements of the forwarding algorithm yield performance improvements in terms of reliability and latency compared to the plain DCC approach. Finally, we discuss the issue of packet starvation caused by the gatekeeper's PQ scheme that affects the performance of lower-priority packets.
34.
Acatech,
Neue Autombilität - Automatisierter Strassenverkehr der Zukunft Miscellaneous
Acactech Studie, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems
@misc{Acatech:AutoMobilitaet:2016,
title = {Neue Autombilität - Automatisierter Strassenverkehr der Zukunft},
author = {Acatech},
url = {https://www.acatech.de/publikation/neue-automobilitaet-automatisierter-strassenverkehr-der-zukunft/download-pdf},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-12-06},
urldate = {2016-12-06},
abstract = {Die 40 Institutionen umfassende Projektgruppe Neue autoMobilität aus Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft beschreibt in der vorliegenden acatech Studie den automatisierten Straßenverkehr der Zukunft. Längerfristig ist dieser ein Mischverkehr aus Fahrzeugen mit unterschiedlichen Automatisierungsstufen. Dabei ist die Interaktion von automatisierten und nicht automatisierten Fahrzeugen ebenso zentral wie der Umgang mit nicht motorisierten Verkehrsteilnehmenden. Die Entwicklung bis 2030 wird stufenweise erfolgen. Im niedrigen Geschwindigkeitsbereich, zum Beispiel bei der automatisierten Parkplatzsuche (Valet Parking), kann fahrerloses Fahren bereits 2020 serienreif sein.},
howpublished = {Acactech Studie},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Die 40 Institutionen umfassende Projektgruppe Neue autoMobilität aus Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft beschreibt in der vorliegenden acatech Studie den automatisierten Straßenverkehr der Zukunft. Längerfristig ist dieser ein Mischverkehr aus Fahrzeugen mit unterschiedlichen Automatisierungsstufen. Dabei ist die Interaktion von automatisierten und nicht automatisierten Fahrzeugen ebenso zentral wie der Umgang mit nicht motorisierten Verkehrsteilnehmenden. Die Entwicklung bis 2030 wird stufenweise erfolgen. Im niedrigen Geschwindigkeitsbereich, zum Beispiel bei der automatisierten Parkplatzsuche (Valet Parking), kann fahrerloses Fahren bereits 2020 serienreif sein.