Publications
1.
Bauder, M.; Festag, A.; Kubjatko, T.; Schweiger, H. -G.
Data Accuracy in Vehicle-to-X Cooperative Awareness Messages: An Experimental Study for the First Commercial Deployment of C-ITS in Europe Journal Article
In: Social Science Research Network (SSRN), pp. 31, 2023.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, measurements, V2X communication
@article{Bauder:SSRN:2023_DataAccuracy_V2X,
title = {Data Accuracy in Vehicle-to-X Cooperative Awareness Messages: An Experimental Study for the First Commercial Deployment of C-ITS in Europe},
author = {M. Bauder and A. Festag and T. Kubjatko and H. -G. Schweiger},
url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4442746},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4442746},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-05-09},
urldate = {2023-05-09},
journal = {Social Science Research Network (SSRN)},
pages = {31},
abstract = {Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems have achieved a mature technology stage and are in an early phase of mass deployment in Europe. Relying on Vehicle-to-X communication, these systems were primarily developed to improve traffic safety, efficiency and driving comfort. However, they also offer great opportunities for other use cases. One of them is forensic accident analysis, where the received data provide details about the status of other traffic participants, give insights into the accident scenario and therefore help in understanding accident causes. A high accuracy of the sent information is essential: For safety use cases, such as traffic jam warning, a poor accuracy of the data may result in wrong driver information, undermine the usability of the system and even create new safety risks. For accident analysis, a low accuracy may prevent the correct reconstruction of an accident. This paper presents an experimental study of the first generation of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems in Europe. The results indicate a high accuracy for most of the data fields in the Vehicle-to-X messages, namely speed, acceleration, heading and yaw rate information, which meet the accuracy requirements for safety use cases and accident analysis. In contrast, the position data, which are also carried in the messages, have larger errors. Specifically, we observed that the lateral position has still an acceptable accuracy. The error of the longitudinal position is larger and may compromise safety use cases with high accuracy requirements. Even with limited accuracy, the data provide a high value for the accident analysis. Since we also found that the accuracy of the data increases for newer vehicle models, we presume that Vehicle-to-X data have the potential for exact accident reconstruction.},
keywords = {Cooperative ITS, Intelligent Transport Systems, measurements, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems have achieved a mature technology stage and are in an early phase of mass deployment in Europe. Relying on Vehicle-to-X communication, these systems were primarily developed to improve traffic safety, efficiency and driving comfort. However, they also offer great opportunities for other use cases. One of them is forensic accident analysis, where the received data provide details about the status of other traffic participants, give insights into the accident scenario and therefore help in understanding accident causes. A high accuracy of the sent information is essential: For safety use cases, such as traffic jam warning, a poor accuracy of the data may result in wrong driver information, undermine the usability of the system and even create new safety risks. For accident analysis, a low accuracy may prevent the correct reconstruction of an accident. This paper presents an experimental study of the first generation of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems in Europe. The results indicate a high accuracy for most of the data fields in the Vehicle-to-X messages, namely speed, acceleration, heading and yaw rate information, which meet the accuracy requirements for safety use cases and accident analysis. In contrast, the position data, which are also carried in the messages, have larger errors. Specifically, we observed that the lateral position has still an acceptable accuracy. The error of the longitudinal position is larger and may compromise safety use cases with high accuracy requirements. Even with limited accuracy, the data provide a high value for the accident analysis. Since we also found that the accuracy of the data increases for newer vehicle models, we presume that Vehicle-to-X data have the potential for exact accident reconstruction.
2.
Festag, A.; Udupa, S.; Garcia, L.; Wellens, R.; Hecht, M.; Ulfig, P.
End-to-End Performance Measurements of Drone Communications in 5G Cellular Networks Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), pp. 6, Virtual, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: drones, measurements, mobile communication, wireless communication
@inproceedings{Festag:VTC-Fall:2021,
title = {End-to-End Performance Measurements of Drone Communications in 5G Cellular Networks},
author = {A. Festag and S. Udupa and L. Garcia and R. Wellens and M. Hecht and P. Ulfig},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9625429},
doi = {10.1109/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625429},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-27},
urldate = {2021-12-10},
booktitle = {IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)},
pages = {6},
address = {Virtual},
abstract = {Cellular communications with its ubiquitous cellular coverage enable various use cases for long-distance aerial inspection, surveillance and monitoring with drones. For these use cases, the exchange of command & control and sensor data, such as video, require a reliable and low-latency communication link. In this paper, we present results of a measurement campaign of drone communications in an experimental 5G network. The measurement scenarios cover (i) the capacity and quality of the link between the drone and the ground station, (ii) the robustness of drone communications with the isolation provided by network slicing, and (iii) the stability of the link between drone and ground station for long-distance flights. The results indicate that cellular communications in principle meet the reliability and latency of video and command & control data for long-distance flights even when the performance of cellular network is optimized for terrestrial devices. The application of network slicing in future 5G networks has a great potential to protect the drone critical command & control data from undesired wireless interferers.},
keywords = {drones, measurements, mobile communication, wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Cellular communications with its ubiquitous cellular coverage enable various use cases for long-distance aerial inspection, surveillance and monitoring with drones. For these use cases, the exchange of command & control and sensor data, such as video, require a reliable and low-latency communication link. In this paper, we present results of a measurement campaign of drone communications in an experimental 5G network. The measurement scenarios cover (i) the capacity and quality of the link between the drone and the ground station, (ii) the robustness of drone communications with the isolation provided by network slicing, and (iii) the stability of the link between drone and ground station for long-distance flights. The results indicate that cellular communications in principle meet the reliability and latency of video and command & control data for long-distance flights even when the performance of cellular network is optimized for terrestrial devices. The application of network slicing in future 5G networks has a great potential to protect the drone critical command & control data from undesired wireless interferers.
3.
Belen-Martinez, A.; Grieger, M.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Sectorization and Intra-Site CoMP: Comparison of Field-Trials and System-Level Simulations Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, USA, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: measurements, wireless communication
@inproceedings{Belen:GLOBECOM:2015,
title = {Sectorization and Intra-Site CoMP: Comparison of Field-Trials and System-Level Simulations},
author = {A. Belen-Martinez and M. Grieger and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7417650},
doi = {10.1109/GLOCOM.2015.7417650},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-12-06},
urldate = {2015-12-06},
booktitle = {IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)},
address = {San Diego, CA, USA},
abstract = {Coordinated multi-point (CoMP) is a well-known approach to mitigate interference in cellular systems and, thus, to improve spectral efficiency. On the downside, implementing CoMP comes at a high cost, e.g., regarding backhaul and signal processing. These costs can be reduced when only BSs at the same site cooperate, referred to as intra-site CoMP. However, the capacity gains of intra-site CoMP are also lower, because intra-site clusters cover only a subset of cell edges. In conventional cellular networks, the deployment of 3 non-overlapping sectors is known to be a good compromise between spatial multiplexing and interference. Using intra-site CoMP, earlier simulation-based work has shown that a higher number of sectors that are largely overlapping are beneficial. In this work, we evaluate multi-cell propagation in an urban testbed, where one site is deployed either with 3 non-overlapping or with 6 overlapping sectors. Moreover, we compare measurements from field trials with simulation results for reference.},
keywords = {measurements, wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Coordinated multi-point (CoMP) is a well-known approach to mitigate interference in cellular systems and, thus, to improve spectral efficiency. On the downside, implementing CoMP comes at a high cost, e.g., regarding backhaul and signal processing. These costs can be reduced when only BSs at the same site cooperate, referred to as intra-site CoMP. However, the capacity gains of intra-site CoMP are also lower, because intra-site clusters cover only a subset of cell edges. In conventional cellular networks, the deployment of 3 non-overlapping sectors is known to be a good compromise between spatial multiplexing and interference. Using intra-site CoMP, earlier simulation-based work has shown that a higher number of sectors that are largely overlapping are beneficial. In this work, we evaluate multi-cell propagation in an urban testbed, where one site is deployed either with 3 non-overlapping or with 6 overlapping sectors. Moreover, we compare measurements from field trials with simulation results for reference.
4.
Kaltenberger, F.; Knopp, R.; Vitiello, C.; Danneberg, M.; Festag, A.
Experimental Analysis of 5G Candidate Waveforms and their Coexistence with 4G Systems Proceedings Article
In: Joint NEWCOM/COST Workshop on Wireless Communications (JNCW), Barcelona, Spain, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: measurements, wireless communication
@inproceedings{Kaltenberger:JNCW:2015,
title = {Experimental Analysis of 5G Candidate Waveforms and their Coexistence with 4G Systems},
author = {F. Kaltenberger and R. Knopp and C. Vitiello and M. Danneberg and A. Festag},
url = {https://www.eurecom.fr/publication/4725/download/cm-publi-4725.pdf},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-10-15},
urldate = {2015-10-15},
booktitle = {Joint NEWCOM/COST Workshop on Wireless Communications (JNCW)},
address = {Barcelona, Spain},
abstract = {The 5G mobile standard will very likely include a new waveform that addresses scenarios like sporadic low- latency traffic and dynamic spectrum access (DSA). In both cases the current 4G waveforms have some deficiencies, like the need for strict synchronicity and the high adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) respectively. Several candidate waveforms can be found in the literature, such Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM), and Universal Filtered Multi- Carrier (UFMC). Both use a digital multi-carrier transceiver concept that employs pulse shaping filters to provide control over the transmitted signal's spectral properties. In this paper we will present experimental results that evaluate the impact of these two waveforms on an existing 4G system. The 4G system was based on Eurecom's OpenAirInterface for the eNB and a commercial UE. The new waveform was generated using a signal generator.},
keywords = {measurements, wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The 5G mobile standard will very likely include a new waveform that addresses scenarios like sporadic low- latency traffic and dynamic spectrum access (DSA). In both cases the current 4G waveforms have some deficiencies, like the need for strict synchronicity and the high adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) respectively. Several candidate waveforms can be found in the literature, such Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM), and Universal Filtered Multi- Carrier (UFMC). Both use a digital multi-carrier transceiver concept that employs pulse shaping filters to provide control over the transmitted signal's spectral properties. In this paper we will present experimental results that evaluate the impact of these two waveforms on an existing 4G system. The 4G system was based on Eurecom's OpenAirInterface for the eNB and a commercial UE. The new waveform was generated using a signal generator.
5.
Kaltenberger, F.; Knopp, R.; Danneberg, M.; Festag, A.
Experimental Analysis and Simulative Validation of Dynamic Spectrum Access for Coexistence of 4G and Future 5G Systems Proceedings Article
In: European Conference on Networks and Communications (EUCNC, Paris, France, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: measurements, wireless communication
@inproceedings{Kaltenberger:EUCNC:2015,
title = {Experimental Analysis and Simulative Validation of Dynamic Spectrum Access for Coexistence of 4G and Future 5G Systems},
author = {F. Kaltenberger and R. Knopp and M. Danneberg and A. Festag},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7194125},
doi = {10.1109/EuCNC.2015.7194125},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-06-29},
urldate = {2015-08-13},
booktitle = {European Conference on Networks and Communications (EUCNC},
address = {Paris, France},
abstract = {5G mobile networks will very likely include features that allow for a dynamic spectrum access (DSA) in order to exploit spectrum holes of a primary system. The efficient utilization of spectrum holes with minimum impairment of the primary system requires a waveform with a very low adjacent channel leakage ratio as well as robustness to time and frequency offsets. One of the approaches for new waveforms is Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM), a digital multi-carrier transceiver concept that employs pulse shaping filters to provide control over the transmitted signal's spectral properties. In this paper we present experimental results that evaluate the impact of the new GFDM waveform on an existing 4G system. The 4G system was based on Eurecom's OpenAirInterface for the eNB and a commercial UE. The 5G system was emulated using the LabVIEW/PXI platform with corresponding RF adapter modules from National Instruments and TUD's GFDM implementation. The experimental results show that GFDM can be used with about 5 dB higher transmit power than a corresponding orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, before any impact on the primary system is noticeable. The results from our real-time measurements were validated by simulations.},
keywords = {measurements, wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
5G mobile networks will very likely include features that allow for a dynamic spectrum access (DSA) in order to exploit spectrum holes of a primary system. The efficient utilization of spectrum holes with minimum impairment of the primary system requires a waveform with a very low adjacent channel leakage ratio as well as robustness to time and frequency offsets. One of the approaches for new waveforms is Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM), a digital multi-carrier transceiver concept that employs pulse shaping filters to provide control over the transmitted signal's spectral properties. In this paper we present experimental results that evaluate the impact of the new GFDM waveform on an existing 4G system. The 4G system was based on Eurecom's OpenAirInterface for the eNB and a commercial UE. The 5G system was emulated using the LabVIEW/PXI platform with corresponding RF adapter modules from National Instruments and TUD's GFDM implementation. The experimental results show that GFDM can be used with about 5 dB higher transmit power than a corresponding orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, before any impact on the primary system is noticeable. The results from our real-time measurements were validated by simulations.
6.
Danneberg, M.; Datta, R.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Demo: Experimental Testbed of Dynamic Spectrum Access of GFDM in Whitespace Scenarios Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the International ICST Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks (CrownCom), Oulu, Finland, 2014.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: measurements, wireless communication
@inproceedings{Danneberg:CROWNCOM:2014,
title = {Demo: Experimental Testbed of Dynamic Spectrum Access of GFDM in Whitespace Scenarios},
author = {M. Danneberg and R. Datta and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {http://www.crew-project.eu/content/demo-experimental-testbed-dynamic-spectrum-access-gfdm-whitespace-scenarios.html},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-06-01},
urldate = {2014-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International ICST Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks (CrownCom)},
address = {Oulu, Finland},
keywords = {measurements, wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
7.
Festag, A.; Baldessari, R.; Zhang, W.; Le, L.
CAR-2-X Communication SDK – A Software Toolkit for Rapid Application Development and Experimentations Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Vehicular Networking and Applications Workshop – Future Wireless Technologies for Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) Applications (VehiMobil), co-located with IEEE ICC 2009, Dresden, Germany, 2009.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: measurements, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Festag:VehiMobil:2009,
title = {CAR-2-X Communication SDK – A Software Toolkit for Rapid Application Development and Experimentations},
author = {A. Festag and R. Baldessari and W. Zhang and L. Le},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2009_Festag_VehiMobil.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ICCW.2009.5208070},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-06-14},
urldate = {2009-08-18},
booktitle = {IEEE Vehicular Networking and Applications Workshop – Future Wireless Technologies for Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) Applications (VehiMobil), co-located with IEEE ICC 2009},
address = {Dresden, Germany},
abstract = {The CAR-2-X communication SDK is a software implementation of a networking protocol stack for car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure communication with IEEE 802.11 radio technology. The core of the SDK is a routing protocol that provides wireless ad hoc and multi-hop communication using geographical positions for addressing and packet forwarding. The routing protocol scheme is enhanced by various features to meet the requirements of safety and infotainment applications in vehicular environments. The SDK can be executed in various hardware environments, such as virtual machines, software development systems and embedded hardware for automotive and road side units. The SDK enables rapid development of safety and infotainment applications for CAR-2-X communication by providing state-of-the-art communication protocols and well-defined application programming interfaces (APIs). The advanced features and a high grade of configurability makes the SDK an ideal software platform for experimentation and evaluation of CAR-2-X communication systems in laboratory environments and real world testbeds. In this paper we describe functionalities and features of the CAR-2-X communication SDK and present the SDK's implementation aspects for the protocols and API. Then, we present a framework for benchmarking and evaluation of CAR-2-X communication protocols. The CAR-2-X Communication SDK is available under the conditions of a software license and provided royalty-free.},
keywords = {measurements, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The CAR-2-X communication SDK is a software implementation of a networking protocol stack for car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure communication with IEEE 802.11 radio technology. The core of the SDK is a routing protocol that provides wireless ad hoc and multi-hop communication using geographical positions for addressing and packet forwarding. The routing protocol scheme is enhanced by various features to meet the requirements of safety and infotainment applications in vehicular environments. The SDK can be executed in various hardware environments, such as virtual machines, software development systems and embedded hardware for automotive and road side units. The SDK enables rapid development of safety and infotainment applications for CAR-2-X communication by providing state-of-the-art communication protocols and well-defined application programming interfaces (APIs). The advanced features and a high grade of configurability makes the SDK an ideal software platform for experimentation and evaluation of CAR-2-X communication systems in laboratory environments and real world testbeds. In this paper we describe functionalities and features of the CAR-2-X communication SDK and present the SDK's implementation aspects for the protocols and API. Then, we present a framework for benchmarking and evaluation of CAR-2-X communication protocols. The CAR-2-X Communication SDK is available under the conditions of a software license and provided royalty-free.