Publications
41.
Hung, S. C.; Zhang, X.; Festag, A.; Chen, K. C.; Fettweis, G.
An Efficient Radio Resource Re-Allocation Scheme for Delay Guaranteed Vehicle-to-Vehicle Networks Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), Montreal, QC, Canada, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: optimization, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Hung:VTCFall:2016,
title = {An Efficient Radio Resource Re-Allocation Scheme for Delay Guaranteed Vehicle-to-Vehicle Networks},
author = {S. C. Hung and X. Zhang and A. Festag and K. C. Chen and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7880896},
doi = {10.1109/VTCFall.2016.7880896},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-09-18},
urldate = {2017-03-20},
booktitle = {IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)},
address = {Montreal, QC, Canada},
abstract = {To achieve low delay for vehicular communication in cellular networks, the use of direct device-to-device (D2D) communication among vehicles is regarded as a key functional requirement. When D2D users share the spectrum with regular cellular users (D2D underlay), resource allocation schemes assure the coexistence between D2D and cellular users. Due to the high mobility of the vehicles, the resources need to be reallocated, but frequent updates cause high signaling overhead and degrade the delay performance. In this paper, we present a radio resource re-allocation scheme for vehicular D2D users in a platoon scenario. The scheme reduces the re-allocation rate and gives delay guarantees for each vehicle. With the help of Lyapunov optimization, a closed form of the upper delay bound and resource re-allocation rate is also derived. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can provide an delay upper bound and simultaneously minimizes the resource re-allocation rate.},
keywords = {optimization, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
To achieve low delay for vehicular communication in cellular networks, the use of direct device-to-device (D2D) communication among vehicles is regarded as a key functional requirement. When D2D users share the spectrum with regular cellular users (D2D underlay), resource allocation schemes assure the coexistence between D2D and cellular users. Due to the high mobility of the vehicles, the resources need to be reallocated, but frequent updates cause high signaling overhead and degrade the delay performance. In this paper, we present a radio resource re-allocation scheme for vehicular D2D users in a platoon scenario. The scheme reduces the re-allocation rate and gives delay guarantees for each vehicle. With the help of Lyapunov optimization, a closed form of the upper delay bound and resource re-allocation rate is also derived. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can provide an delay upper bound and simultaneously minimizes the resource re-allocation rate.
42.
Kühlmorgen, S.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Impact of Decentralized Congestion Control on Contention-based Forwarding in VANETs Proceedings Article
In: IEEE International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), Coimbra, Portugal, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: ad hoc networking, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Kuehlmorgen:WoWMoM:2016,
title = {Impact of Decentralized Congestion Control on Contention-based Forwarding in VANETs},
author = {S. Kühlmorgen and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7523572},
doi = {10.1109/WoWMoM.2016.7523572},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-06-21},
urldate = {2016-07-28},
booktitle = {IEEE International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM)},
address = {Coimbra, Portugal},
abstract = {Vehicular ad hoc networks based on IEEE 802.11 OCB suffer from channel congestion, which will be critical for safety applications when the channel becomes saturated. Therefore, decentralized congestion control (DCC) is needed that keeps the channel load under a pre-defined threshold. In the European system for vehicular communication, a DCC-gatekeeper has been inserted into the protocol stack that reduces the data traffic generated or forwarded by the vehicle. This DCC-gatekeeper affects the functionality of the contention-based forwarding (CBF) and degrades its performance. In this paper we evaluate the performance of CBF under congestion-free and saturated channel conditions for several protocol variants: DCF, EDCA and DCC-gatekeeper. The results show that the standard DCC-gatekeeper hampers the functionality of CBF even for small node densities. We enhance the DCC-gatekeeper-based approach to overcome this issue and evaluate the protocol variants in terms of reliability, latency and channel load in a freeway scenario with realistic trace-based mobility.},
keywords = {ad hoc networking, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Vehicular ad hoc networks based on IEEE 802.11 OCB suffer from channel congestion, which will be critical for safety applications when the channel becomes saturated. Therefore, decentralized congestion control (DCC) is needed that keeps the channel load under a pre-defined threshold. In the European system for vehicular communication, a DCC-gatekeeper has been inserted into the protocol stack that reduces the data traffic generated or forwarded by the vehicle. This DCC-gatekeeper affects the functionality of the contention-based forwarding (CBF) and degrades its performance. In this paper we evaluate the performance of CBF under congestion-free and saturated channel conditions for several protocol variants: DCF, EDCA and DCC-gatekeeper. The results show that the standard DCC-gatekeeper hampers the functionality of CBF even for small node densities. We enhance the DCC-gatekeeper-based approach to overcome this issue and evaluate the protocol variants in terms of reliability, latency and channel load in a freeway scenario with realistic trace-based mobility.
43.
Llatser, I.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Vehicular Communication Performance in Convoys of Automated Vehicles Proceedings Article
In: IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication, vehicle automation
@inproceedings{Llatser:ICC:2016,
title = {Vehicular Communication Performance in Convoys of Automated Vehicles},
author = {I. Llatser and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7510772},
doi = {10.1109/ICC.2016.7510772},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-05-22},
urldate = {2016-07-14},
booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)},
address = {Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia},
abstract = {The combination of automated driving and Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) allows automated vehicles to drive cooperatively, thereby greatly enhancing their safety and traffic efficiency. Convoys are groups of automated vehicles which keep a multi-lane formation with decentralized control supported by IVC. The vehicle control algorithm of convoy vehicles requires up-to-date information about the neighbor vehicle dynamics; fast and efficient convoy communications enable the cooperative maneuvering of the automated vehicles. For this reason, we evaluate IVC in convoys of automated vehicles by defining performance metrics which quantify the reliability, latency and data age of convoy communications. Our results explore the trade-off between the convoy message frequency and the communication performance; whereas a high message frequency results in a higher number of lost messages and delay due to channel congestion, a low message frequency yields a higher data age of the information available to the vehicle controller. As a result, convoy algorithm designers should choose carefully the optimal value for the convoy message frequency as a function of the required communication performance and the convoy size.},
keywords = {V2X communication, vehicle automation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The combination of automated driving and Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) allows automated vehicles to drive cooperatively, thereby greatly enhancing their safety and traffic efficiency. Convoys are groups of automated vehicles which keep a multi-lane formation with decentralized control supported by IVC. The vehicle control algorithm of convoy vehicles requires up-to-date information about the neighbor vehicle dynamics; fast and efficient convoy communications enable the cooperative maneuvering of the automated vehicles. For this reason, we evaluate IVC in convoys of automated vehicles by defining performance metrics which quantify the reliability, latency and data age of convoy communications. Our results explore the trade-off between the convoy message frequency and the communication performance; whereas a high message frequency results in a higher number of lost messages and delay due to channel congestion, a low message frequency yields a higher data age of the information available to the vehicle controller. As a result, convoy algorithm designers should choose carefully the optimal value for the convoy message frequency as a function of the required communication performance and the convoy size.
44.
Festag, A.; Rehme, M.; Krause, J.
Studie Mobilität 2025: Koexistenz oder Konvergenz von IKT fuer Automotive? Miscellaneous
Studie, 2016.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@misc{Festag:IKTMob:2016,
title = {Studie Mobilität 2025: Koexistenz oder Konvergenz von IKT fuer Automotive?},
author = {A. Festag and M. Rehme and J. Krause},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2016_Festag_IKTMob.pdf},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-15},
urldate = {2016-01-15},
abstract = {Die Fortbewegung ist ein menschliches Grundbedürfnis und der Transport das Rückgrat unserer Wirtschaft. Das Automobil stellt den Inbegriff der Mobilität von heute dar. Dabei sind die Bedürfnisse an die Mobilität und die Anforderungen an den Transport ständigem Wandel unterworfen. Einflüsse aus ökonomie, Technologie, Politik und Recht, Gesellschaft und ökologie werden die Mobilität der Zukunft tiefgreifend verändern. Insbesondere Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) werden die Leistungsfähigkeit und die Effizienz der Verkehrssysteme nachhaltig verbessern. Die hochgradige Vernetzung in Intelligenten Verkehrssystemen (IVS) ist die Basis für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen im Bereich Sicherheit, Nachhaltigkeit und Komfort. Dabei werden IKT selbst zum Innovationstreiber in IVS: Sie unterstützen die zunehmende Automatisierung des Verkehrs und erlauben neuartige datengetriebene Dienste und Geschäftsmodelle.
Die Grundlage für den breiten Einsatz von IKT für Mobilität sind Kommunikationstechnologien und -netze, die auch in den nächsten Jahren eine dynamische Entwicklung nehmen werden. Welche Anforderungen werden zukünftige IVS an IKT stellen? In welchen Use Cases wird IKT relevant sein? Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Technologieanforderungen einer steigenden Fahrzeug- vernetzung, leitet wesentliche Hemmnisse für den Einsatz von IKT für Mobilität ab und identifiziert die prioritären Handlungsfelder für die „Vernetzte Mobilität von morgen“.
Die Komplexität, Dynamik und Unsicherheit bei der zukünftigen Entwicklung von IVS lässt eine einfache, einwertige Prognose nicht zu. Aus einer Analyse von heute beobachtbaren Trends und Treibern des Makroumfeldes werden deshalb zwei alternative Zukunftsbilder hinsichtlich des Einsatzes von IKT für Mobilität mit einem Zeithorizont von 10 bis 15 Jahren (2025+) entwickelt. Die beiden Szenarien „Koexistenz“ und „Konvergenz“ stellen divergierende und durchaus realistische Entwicklungen dar, wobei beide Szenarien einen deutlichen Innovationsprung gegenüber heute aufweisen.
Das erste Szenario „Koexistenz“ ist von der Koexistenz mehrerer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien für Mobilitätsanwendungen gekennzeichnet, die in parallelen Strukturen nebeneinander existieren und einen geringen Integrations- und Interoperabilitätsgrad aufweisen, aber anwendungsspezifisch ihre jeweiligen Vorteile ausspielen. Im zweiten Szenario „Konvergenz“ konvergieren die Technologien in Richtung hochgradig integrierter Netze, die zuvor vorhandene und sich in Entwicklung befindliche Systeme, Komponenten, Verfahren, Protokolle und Standards zusammenführen oder substituieren.
Ausgangspunkt der Studie ist eine Szenarioanalyse, die relevante Einflussfaktoren und Deskriptoren bestimmt und in den beiden Szenarien „Koexistenz“ und „Konvergenz“ bündelt. Einer systemorientierten Herangehensweise folgend werden für die grundlegenden Anwendungsfelder von IKT für Mobilität – Sicherheit, Nachhaltigkeit und Komfort – jeweilige Use Cases kategorisiert und grundlegende Anforderungen an die IKT vor dem Hintergrund der beiden Szenarien anhand von repräsentativen Uses Cases herausgearbeitet. Darauf aufbauend werden Aspekte der Sicherheit und Verfügbarkeit der Kommunikationsnetze analysiert, Kommunikationstechnologien und -netzstrukturen bewertet sowie Technologiepfade skizziert. Weiterhin werden Implikationen für Standards und Standardisierungsprozesse hinsichtlich der IKT für Mobilität diskutiert. Aus den Analysen werden jeweils Hemmnisse für das Erreichen der skizzierten Szenarien abgeleitet und zugehörige Handlungsfelder identifiziert. Neben den technologiegetriebenen Themenfeldern Sicherheit und Verfügbarkeit, Kommunikationstechnologien und -netzstrukturen sowie Standardisierung werden zusätzlich die grundlegend wirkenden Bereiche „Gesellschaft und Recht“ sowie „Wertschöpfung und Innovation“ thematisiert.},
howpublished = {Studie},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Die Fortbewegung ist ein menschliches Grundbedürfnis und der Transport das Rückgrat unserer Wirtschaft. Das Automobil stellt den Inbegriff der Mobilität von heute dar. Dabei sind die Bedürfnisse an die Mobilität und die Anforderungen an den Transport ständigem Wandel unterworfen. Einflüsse aus ökonomie, Technologie, Politik und Recht, Gesellschaft und ökologie werden die Mobilität der Zukunft tiefgreifend verändern. Insbesondere Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) werden die Leistungsfähigkeit und die Effizienz der Verkehrssysteme nachhaltig verbessern. Die hochgradige Vernetzung in Intelligenten Verkehrssystemen (IVS) ist die Basis für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen im Bereich Sicherheit, Nachhaltigkeit und Komfort. Dabei werden IKT selbst zum Innovationstreiber in IVS: Sie unterstützen die zunehmende Automatisierung des Verkehrs und erlauben neuartige datengetriebene Dienste und Geschäftsmodelle.
Die Grundlage für den breiten Einsatz von IKT für Mobilität sind Kommunikationstechnologien und -netze, die auch in den nächsten Jahren eine dynamische Entwicklung nehmen werden. Welche Anforderungen werden zukünftige IVS an IKT stellen? In welchen Use Cases wird IKT relevant sein? Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Technologieanforderungen einer steigenden Fahrzeug- vernetzung, leitet wesentliche Hemmnisse für den Einsatz von IKT für Mobilität ab und identifiziert die prioritären Handlungsfelder für die „Vernetzte Mobilität von morgen“.
Die Komplexität, Dynamik und Unsicherheit bei der zukünftigen Entwicklung von IVS lässt eine einfache, einwertige Prognose nicht zu. Aus einer Analyse von heute beobachtbaren Trends und Treibern des Makroumfeldes werden deshalb zwei alternative Zukunftsbilder hinsichtlich des Einsatzes von IKT für Mobilität mit einem Zeithorizont von 10 bis 15 Jahren (2025+) entwickelt. Die beiden Szenarien „Koexistenz“ und „Konvergenz“ stellen divergierende und durchaus realistische Entwicklungen dar, wobei beide Szenarien einen deutlichen Innovationsprung gegenüber heute aufweisen.
Das erste Szenario „Koexistenz“ ist von der Koexistenz mehrerer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien für Mobilitätsanwendungen gekennzeichnet, die in parallelen Strukturen nebeneinander existieren und einen geringen Integrations- und Interoperabilitätsgrad aufweisen, aber anwendungsspezifisch ihre jeweiligen Vorteile ausspielen. Im zweiten Szenario „Konvergenz“ konvergieren die Technologien in Richtung hochgradig integrierter Netze, die zuvor vorhandene und sich in Entwicklung befindliche Systeme, Komponenten, Verfahren, Protokolle und Standards zusammenführen oder substituieren.
Ausgangspunkt der Studie ist eine Szenarioanalyse, die relevante Einflussfaktoren und Deskriptoren bestimmt und in den beiden Szenarien „Koexistenz“ und „Konvergenz“ bündelt. Einer systemorientierten Herangehensweise folgend werden für die grundlegenden Anwendungsfelder von IKT für Mobilität – Sicherheit, Nachhaltigkeit und Komfort – jeweilige Use Cases kategorisiert und grundlegende Anforderungen an die IKT vor dem Hintergrund der beiden Szenarien anhand von repräsentativen Uses Cases herausgearbeitet. Darauf aufbauend werden Aspekte der Sicherheit und Verfügbarkeit der Kommunikationsnetze analysiert, Kommunikationstechnologien und -netzstrukturen bewertet sowie Technologiepfade skizziert. Weiterhin werden Implikationen für Standards und Standardisierungsprozesse hinsichtlich der IKT für Mobilität diskutiert. Aus den Analysen werden jeweils Hemmnisse für das Erreichen der skizzierten Szenarien abgeleitet und zugehörige Handlungsfelder identifiziert. Neben den technologiegetriebenen Themenfeldern Sicherheit und Verfügbarkeit, Kommunikationstechnologien und -netzstrukturen sowie Standardisierung werden zusätzlich die grundlegend wirkenden Bereiche „Gesellschaft und Recht“ sowie „Wertschöpfung und Innovation“ thematisiert.
Die Grundlage für den breiten Einsatz von IKT für Mobilität sind Kommunikationstechnologien und -netze, die auch in den nächsten Jahren eine dynamische Entwicklung nehmen werden. Welche Anforderungen werden zukünftige IVS an IKT stellen? In welchen Use Cases wird IKT relevant sein? Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Technologieanforderungen einer steigenden Fahrzeug- vernetzung, leitet wesentliche Hemmnisse für den Einsatz von IKT für Mobilität ab und identifiziert die prioritären Handlungsfelder für die „Vernetzte Mobilität von morgen“.
Die Komplexität, Dynamik und Unsicherheit bei der zukünftigen Entwicklung von IVS lässt eine einfache, einwertige Prognose nicht zu. Aus einer Analyse von heute beobachtbaren Trends und Treibern des Makroumfeldes werden deshalb zwei alternative Zukunftsbilder hinsichtlich des Einsatzes von IKT für Mobilität mit einem Zeithorizont von 10 bis 15 Jahren (2025+) entwickelt. Die beiden Szenarien „Koexistenz“ und „Konvergenz“ stellen divergierende und durchaus realistische Entwicklungen dar, wobei beide Szenarien einen deutlichen Innovationsprung gegenüber heute aufweisen.
Das erste Szenario „Koexistenz“ ist von der Koexistenz mehrerer Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien für Mobilitätsanwendungen gekennzeichnet, die in parallelen Strukturen nebeneinander existieren und einen geringen Integrations- und Interoperabilitätsgrad aufweisen, aber anwendungsspezifisch ihre jeweiligen Vorteile ausspielen. Im zweiten Szenario „Konvergenz“ konvergieren die Technologien in Richtung hochgradig integrierter Netze, die zuvor vorhandene und sich in Entwicklung befindliche Systeme, Komponenten, Verfahren, Protokolle und Standards zusammenführen oder substituieren.
Ausgangspunkt der Studie ist eine Szenarioanalyse, die relevante Einflussfaktoren und Deskriptoren bestimmt und in den beiden Szenarien „Koexistenz“ und „Konvergenz“ bündelt. Einer systemorientierten Herangehensweise folgend werden für die grundlegenden Anwendungsfelder von IKT für Mobilität – Sicherheit, Nachhaltigkeit und Komfort – jeweilige Use Cases kategorisiert und grundlegende Anforderungen an die IKT vor dem Hintergrund der beiden Szenarien anhand von repräsentativen Uses Cases herausgearbeitet. Darauf aufbauend werden Aspekte der Sicherheit und Verfügbarkeit der Kommunikationsnetze analysiert, Kommunikationstechnologien und -netzstrukturen bewertet sowie Technologiepfade skizziert. Weiterhin werden Implikationen für Standards und Standardisierungsprozesse hinsichtlich der IKT für Mobilität diskutiert. Aus den Analysen werden jeweils Hemmnisse für das Erreichen der skizzierten Szenarien abgeleitet und zugehörige Handlungsfelder identifiziert. Neben den technologiegetriebenen Themenfeldern Sicherheit und Verfügbarkeit, Kommunikationstechnologien und -netzstrukturen sowie Standardisierung werden zusätzlich die grundlegend wirkenden Bereiche „Gesellschaft und Recht“ sowie „Wertschöpfung und Innovation“ thematisiert.
45.
Hobert, L.; Festag, A.; Llatser, I.; Altomare, L.; Visintainer, F.; Kovac, A.
Enhancements of V2X Communication in Support of Cooperative Autonomous Driving Journal Article
In: IEEE Communication Magazine, Feature Topic Towards Autonomous Driving: Advances in V2X Connectivity, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 64-70, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@article{Hobert:ComMag:2015,
title = {Enhancements of V2X Communication in Support of Cooperative Autonomous Driving},
author = {L. Hobert and A. Festag and I. Llatser and L. Altomare and F. Visintainer and A. Kovac},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7355568},
doi = {10.1109/MCOM.2015.7355568},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-12-15},
urldate = {2015-12-17},
journal = {IEEE Communication Magazine, Feature Topic Towards Autonomous Driving: Advances in V2X Connectivity},
volume = {53},
number = {12},
pages = {64-70},
abstract = {Two emerging technologies in the automotive domain are autonomous vehicles and V2X communication. Even though these technologies are usually considered separately, their combination enables two key cooperative features: sensing and maneuvering. Cooperative sensing allows vehicles to exchange information gathered from local sensors. Cooperative maneuvering permits inter-vehicle coordination of maneuvers. These features enable the creation of cooperative autonomous vehicles, which may greatly improve traffic safety, efficiency, and driver comfort. The first generation V2X communication systems with the corresponding standards, such as Release 1 from ETSI, have been designed mainly for driver warning applications in the context of road safety and traffic efficiency, and do not target use cases for autonomous driving. This article presents the design of core functionalities for cooperative autonomous driving and addresses the required evolution of communication standards in order to support a selected number of autonomous driving use cases. The article describes the targeted use cases, identifies their communication requirements, and analyzes the current V2X communication standards from ETSI for missing features. The result is a set of specifications for the amendment and extension of the standards in support of cooperative autonomous driving.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Two emerging technologies in the automotive domain are autonomous vehicles and V2X communication. Even though these technologies are usually considered separately, their combination enables two key cooperative features: sensing and maneuvering. Cooperative sensing allows vehicles to exchange information gathered from local sensors. Cooperative maneuvering permits inter-vehicle coordination of maneuvers. These features enable the creation of cooperative autonomous vehicles, which may greatly improve traffic safety, efficiency, and driver comfort. The first generation V2X communication systems with the corresponding standards, such as Release 1 from ETSI, have been designed mainly for driver warning applications in the context of road safety and traffic efficiency, and do not target use cases for autonomous driving. This article presents the design of core functionalities for cooperative autonomous driving and addresses the required evolution of communication standards in order to support a selected number of autonomous driving use cases. The article describes the targeted use cases, identifies their communication requirements, and analyzes the current V2X communication standards from ETSI for missing features. The result is a set of specifications for the amendment and extension of the standards in support of cooperative autonomous driving.
46.
Festag, A.
Standards for Vehicular Communication - From IEEE 802.11p to 5G Journal Article
In: e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Springer Verlag, vol. 132, no. 7, pp. 409-416, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: standardization, V2X communication
@article{Festag:EISpringer:2015,
title = {Standards for Vehicular Communication - From IEEE 802.11p to 5G},
author = {A. Festag},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00502-015-0343-0},
doi = {10.1007/s00502-015-0343-0},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-09-29},
urldate = {2015-09-29},
journal = {e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Springer Verlag},
volume = {132},
number = {7},
pages = {409-416},
abstract = {Standardization for wireless vehicular communication ensures, as in other domains, interoperability, supports regulations and legislation, and creates larger markets. For the initial deployment of vehicular communication, consistent sets of standards have been created, commonly named C-ITS in Europe and DSRC in the U.S., both relying on the WiFi standard IEEE 802.11. These initial standard sets specify vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication and enable applications primarily for driver information and warnings. The article provides an overview of the key C-ITS and DSRC protocols from a standardization perspective. The article analyzes automated driving as the potential new application domain for vehicular communication, discusses its requirements on communication, and derives potential directions for future releases of the vehicular communication standards.},
keywords = {standardization, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Standardization for wireless vehicular communication ensures, as in other domains, interoperability, supports regulations and legislation, and creates larger markets. For the initial deployment of vehicular communication, consistent sets of standards have been created, commonly named C-ITS in Europe and DSRC in the U.S., both relying on the WiFi standard IEEE 802.11. These initial standard sets specify vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication and enable applications primarily for driver information and warnings. The article provides an overview of the key C-ITS and DSRC protocols from a standardization perspective. The article analyzes automated driving as the potential new application domain for vehicular communication, discusses its requirements on communication, and derives potential directions for future releases of the vehicular communication standards.
47.
Llatser, I.; Kühlmorgen, S.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Greedy Algorithms for Information Dissemination within Groups of Autonomuous Vehicles Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Seoul, Korea, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: ad hoc networking, V2X communication, vehicle automation
@inproceedings{Kuehlmorgen:IV:2015,
title = {Greedy Algorithms for Information Dissemination within Groups of Autonomuous Vehicles},
author = {I. Llatser and S. Kühlmorgen and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7225899},
doi = {10.1109/IVS.2015.7225899},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-06-28},
urldate = {2015-08-27},
booktitle = {IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)},
address = {Seoul, Korea},
abstract = {Cooperation and information exchange will allow autonomous vehicles to increase their sensing range and maneuver coordinately, thereby greatly enhancing their safety and efficiency. The combination of autonomous driving and vehicular communications will enable Cooperative Autonomous Driving Systems (C-ADS) with stringent requirements. We present two new multi-hop forwarding algorithms specially suited to the dissemination of information in C-ADS: (i) Greedy Broadcast Forwarding, aimed to the distribution of packets within a geographical area, and (ii) Greedy Multicast Forwarding, which delivers packets only to the members of a vehicle group. A performance comparison of the proposed schemes with the broadcast forwarding algorithms defined in the ETSI GeoNetworking standard shows that Greedy Broadcast Forwarding achieves the highest reliability, while Greedy Multicast Forwarding yields the lowest traffic overhead in the considered scenario. These results indicate that the proposed forwarding algorithms are promising candidates to enable multi-hop communications in future C-ADS.},
keywords = {ad hoc networking, V2X communication, vehicle automation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Cooperation and information exchange will allow autonomous vehicles to increase their sensing range and maneuver coordinately, thereby greatly enhancing their safety and efficiency. The combination of autonomous driving and vehicular communications will enable Cooperative Autonomous Driving Systems (C-ADS) with stringent requirements. We present two new multi-hop forwarding algorithms specially suited to the dissemination of information in C-ADS: (i) Greedy Broadcast Forwarding, aimed to the distribution of packets within a geographical area, and (ii) Greedy Multicast Forwarding, which delivers packets only to the members of a vehicle group. A performance comparison of the proposed schemes with the broadcast forwarding algorithms defined in the ETSI GeoNetworking standard shows that Greedy Broadcast Forwarding achieves the highest reliability, while Greedy Multicast Forwarding yields the lowest traffic overhead in the considered scenario. These results indicate that the proposed forwarding algorithms are promising candidates to enable multi-hop communications in future C-ADS.
48.
Kühlmorgen, S.; Llatser, I.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Performance Evaluation of ETSI GeoNetworking for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring), Glasgow, UK, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: ad hoc networking, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Kuehlmorgen:VTCSpring:2015,
title = {Performance Evaluation of ETSI GeoNetworking for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks},
author = {S. Kühlmorgen and I. Llatser and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7146003},
doi = {10.1109/VTCSpring.2015.7146003},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-05-11},
urldate = {2015-07-02},
booktitle = {IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Spring)},
address = {Glasgow, UK},
abstract = {The GeoNetworking protocol provides single-hop and multi-hop communication in vehicular ad hoc networks based on IEEE 802.11p/ITS-G5. It has been standardized by the ETSI Technical Committee ITS as part of its Release 1 set of specifications and is expected to be deployed in the next years. This paper presents a performance evaluation of the GeoNetworking protocol in its recently published version. Our study assesses the performance of the broadcast forwarding algorithms for multi-hop packet transport that are used to disseminate information in geographical areas for road safety and traffic efficiency applications. From the algorithms specification in the standard, we derive six variants with different combinations of protocol mechanisms with increasing complexity and assess their performance in terms of reliability, latency, and overhead. The algorithms are evaluated in a reference freeway scenario with bidirectional road traffic and a realistic trace-based mobility model with varying vehicle density. The obtained results indicate that the combination of contention-based and greedy forwarding shows the best overall performance; further functional improvements have a limited performance gain in the studied scenario.},
keywords = {ad hoc networking, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The GeoNetworking protocol provides single-hop and multi-hop communication in vehicular ad hoc networks based on IEEE 802.11p/ITS-G5. It has been standardized by the ETSI Technical Committee ITS as part of its Release 1 set of specifications and is expected to be deployed in the next years. This paper presents a performance evaluation of the GeoNetworking protocol in its recently published version. Our study assesses the performance of the broadcast forwarding algorithms for multi-hop packet transport that are used to disseminate information in geographical areas for road safety and traffic efficiency applications. From the algorithms specification in the standard, we derive six variants with different combinations of protocol mechanisms with increasing complexity and assess their performance in terms of reliability, latency, and overhead. The algorithms are evaluated in a reference freeway scenario with bidirectional road traffic and a realistic trace-based mobility model with varying vehicle density. The obtained results indicate that the combination of contention-based and greedy forwarding shows the best overall performance; further functional improvements have a limited performance gain in the studied scenario.
49.
Festag, A.; Hartenstein, H.; Mittag, J.
Technologies - Communication: Wireless LAN-Based Vehicular Communication Book Section
In: Crolla, D.; Foster, D. E.; Kobayashi, T.; Vaughan, N. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering, pp. 3327-3340, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 2015, ISBN: ISBN: 978-0-470-97402-5.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: ad hoc networking, V2X communication
@incollection{Festag:EncyclopediaAutoEngineering:2015,
title = {Technologies - Communication: Wireless LAN-Based Vehicular Communication},
author = {A. Festag and H. Hartenstein and J. Mittag},
editor = {D. Crolla and D. E. Foster and T. Kobayashi and N. Vaughan},
url = {https://www.wiley.com/en-gb/Encyclopedia+of+Automotive+Engineering-p-9780470974025},
doi = {10.1002/9781118354179.auto170},
isbn = {ISBN: 978-0-470-97402-5},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-02-01},
urldate = {2015-02-01},
booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering},
pages = {3327-3340},
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons Ltd},
address = {Chichester},
abstract = {Wireless local area networking (WLAN)-based communication enables vehicles to exchange information that is beyond the vehicle's and the driver's direct perception. It has the potential to support various applications for road safety and traffic efficiency, such as road hazard warning and collision avoidance. As opposed to cellular mobile networks, WLAN-based vehicular communication does not require a central control or an operator; instead it uses a decentralized and self-organizing approach. This article introduces key requirements and basic characteristics of WLAN-based vehicular communication and outlines the system architecture. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the most important technology components for WLAN-based vehicular communication, covering radio and communication protocols, security and privacy, radio resource management, and congestion control. The article concludes with an overview about standardization and an outlook on the system deployment.},
keywords = {ad hoc networking, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Wireless local area networking (WLAN)-based communication enables vehicles to exchange information that is beyond the vehicle's and the driver's direct perception. It has the potential to support various applications for road safety and traffic efficiency, such as road hazard warning and collision avoidance. As opposed to cellular mobile networks, WLAN-based vehicular communication does not require a central control or an operator; instead it uses a decentralized and self-organizing approach. This article introduces key requirements and basic characteristics of WLAN-based vehicular communication and outlines the system architecture. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the most important technology components for WLAN-based vehicular communication, covering radio and communication protocols, security and privacy, radio resource management, and congestion control. The article concludes with an overview about standardization and an outlook on the system deployment.
50.
Festag, A.
Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) Standards in Europe Journal Article
In: IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 12, no. 52, pp. 166-172, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: standardization, V2X communication
@article{Festag:ComMag:2014,
title = {Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) Standards in Europe},
author = {A. Festag},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6979970},
doi = {10.1109/MCOM.2014.6979970},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-12-11},
urldate = {2014-12-11},
journal = {IEEE Communications Magazine},
volume = {12},
number = {52},
pages = {166-172},
abstract = {Information exchange among vehicles, and between vehicles and the roadside infrastructure is commonly regarded as a base technology to sustainably reduce road accidents and improve traffic efficiency. After more than a decade of research and development efforts, a technological basis has been established that applies WiFi-based, wireless communication in the 5.9 GHz frequency band, ad hoc communication and dedicated message sets, as well as management and security procedures. In Europe, Release 1 of standards for cooperative systems has been completed, indicating deployment of a basic system starting in 2015. This article provides a comprehensive overview of standards and complementary industry specifications for cooperative systems in Europe, covering relevant aspects of access technologies, network and transport protocols, facilities, applications, security, and management.},
keywords = {standardization, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Information exchange among vehicles, and between vehicles and the roadside infrastructure is commonly regarded as a base technology to sustainably reduce road accidents and improve traffic efficiency. After more than a decade of research and development efforts, a technological basis has been established that applies WiFi-based, wireless communication in the 5.9 GHz frequency band, ad hoc communication and dedicated message sets, as well as management and security procedures. In Europe, Release 1 of standards for cooperative systems has been completed, indicating deployment of a basic system starting in 2015. This article provides a comprehensive overview of standards and complementary industry specifications for cooperative systems in Europe, covering relevant aspects of access technologies, network and transport protocols, facilities, applications, security, and management.
51.
Fortelle, A. La; Qian, X.; Diemer, S.; Grégoire, J.; Moutarde, F.; Bonnabel, S.; Marjovi, A.; Martinoli, A.; Llatser, I.; Festag, A.; Sjöberg, K.
Network of Automated Vehicles: The AutoNet2030 Vision Proceedings Article
In: ITS World Congress and Exhibition, Detroit, USA, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication, vehicle automation
@inproceedings{deLaFortelle:ITSWC:2014,
title = {Network of Automated Vehicles: The AutoNet2030 Vision},
author = {A. La Fortelle and X. Qian and S. Diemer and J. Grégoire and F. Moutarde and S. Bonnabel and A. Marjovi and A. Martinoli and I. Llatser and A. Festag and K. Sjöberg},
url = {https://hal-mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01063484/document},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-09-06},
urldate = {2014-09-06},
booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},
address = {Detroit, USA},
abstract = {AutoNet2030 – Co-operative Systems in Support of Networked Automated Driving by 2030 – is a European project connecting two domains of intensive research: cooperative systems for Intelligent Transportation Systems and Automated Driving. Given the latest developments in the standardization of vehicular communications, vehicles will soon be wirelessly connected, enabling cooperation among them and with the infrastructure. At the same time, some vehicles will offer very advanced driving assistance systems, ranging from Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (C-ACC) to full automation. The research issues addressed in AutoNet2030 are as follows: how can all these vehicles with different capabilities most efficiently cooperate to increase safety and fluidity of the traffic system? What kind of information should be exchanged? Which organization (e.g. centralized or distributed) is the best? The purpose of this paper is to introduce the vision and concepts underlying the AutoNet2030 project and the direction of this ongoing research work.},
keywords = {V2X communication, vehicle automation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
AutoNet2030 – Co-operative Systems in Support of Networked Automated Driving by 2030 – is a European project connecting two domains of intensive research: cooperative systems for Intelligent Transportation Systems and Automated Driving. Given the latest developments in the standardization of vehicular communications, vehicles will soon be wirelessly connected, enabling cooperation among them and with the infrastructure. At the same time, some vehicles will offer very advanced driving assistance systems, ranging from Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (C-ACC) to full automation. The research issues addressed in AutoNet2030 are as follows: how can all these vehicles with different capabilities most efficiently cooperate to increase safety and fluidity of the traffic system? What kind of information should be exchanged? Which organization (e.g. centralized or distributed) is the best? The purpose of this paper is to introduce the vision and concepts underlying the AutoNet2030 project and the direction of this ongoing research work.
52.
Egea-Lopez, E.; Alcaraz, J. J.; Vales-Alonso, J.; Festag, A.; Garcia-Haro, J.
Statistical Beaconing Congestion Control for Vehicular Networks Journal Article
In: IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Special Section on Vehicular Network and Communication System – From Laboratories into Reality, vol. 9, no. 62, pp. 4162-4181, 2013.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@article{Egea-Lopez:TVT:2013,
title = {Statistical Beaconing Congestion Control for Vehicular Networks},
author = {E. Egea-Lopez and J. J. Alcaraz and J. Vales-Alonso and A. Festag and J. Garcia-Haro},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6517469},
doi = {10.1109/TVT.2013.2264065},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-05-20},
urldate = {2013-05-20},
journal = {IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Special Section on Vehicular Network and Communication System – From Laboratories into Reality},
volume = {9},
number = {62},
pages = {4162-4181},
abstract = {Cooperative inter-vehicular applications rely on the periodic exchange of broadcast single-hop status messages among vehicles, which are called beacons. The aggregated load on a wireless channel due to beacons can prevent the transmission of other types of messages, which is called channel congestion due to beaconing activity. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical approach to transmit power control (TPC) for beaconing congestion control, which is called statistical beaconing congestion control (SBCC). Unlike previous proposals, SBCC uses local information and very limited feedback, and its implementation is simple. Each vehicle locally computes the power needed to comply with a given maximum beacon load as a function of estimated channel parameters, vehicle density, and beaconing rate. A realistic Nakagami-m fading and path-loss propagation model is assumed. We provide a final expression of the algorithm as a linear proportional controller, with two variants, i.e., channel-busy-time-(CBT) based SBCC (SBCC-C) and neighbor-based SBCC (SBCC-N), depending on how the parameters are estimated. Additionally, we derive an expression for the estimated communication range under interference, which approximates the average fraction of packets lost due to hidden-node collisions. Finally, we evaluate the performance degradation caused by differences in local vehicle densities and propose a mechanism, which is called edge correction (EC), to limit it while keeping the safety benefits of an extended range at the edge of a cluster of vehicles. SBCC is validated with a realistic hybrid network-traffic simulator, and results show that it effectively controls beaconing congestion.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cooperative inter-vehicular applications rely on the periodic exchange of broadcast single-hop status messages among vehicles, which are called beacons. The aggregated load on a wireless channel due to beacons can prevent the transmission of other types of messages, which is called channel congestion due to beaconing activity. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical approach to transmit power control (TPC) for beaconing congestion control, which is called statistical beaconing congestion control (SBCC). Unlike previous proposals, SBCC uses local information and very limited feedback, and its implementation is simple. Each vehicle locally computes the power needed to comply with a given maximum beacon load as a function of estimated channel parameters, vehicle density, and beaconing rate. A realistic Nakagami-m fading and path-loss propagation model is assumed. We provide a final expression of the algorithm as a linear proportional controller, with two variants, i.e., channel-busy-time-(CBT) based SBCC (SBCC-C) and neighbor-based SBCC (SBCC-N), depending on how the parameters are estimated. Additionally, we derive an expression for the estimated communication range under interference, which approximates the average fraction of packets lost due to hidden-node collisions. Finally, we evaluate the performance degradation caused by differences in local vehicle densities and propose a mechanism, which is called edge correction (EC), to limit it while keeping the safety benefits of an extended range at the edge of a cluster of vehicles. SBCC is validated with a realistic hybrid network-traffic simulator, and results show that it effectively controls beaconing congestion.
53.
Festag, A.; Wiecker, M.; Zahariev, N.
Safety and Traffic Efficiency Appllications for GeoMessaging over Cellular Networks Proceedings Article
In: ITS World Congress and Exhibition, Vienna, Austria, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Festag:ITSWC:2012,
title = {Safety and Traffic Efficiency Appllications for GeoMessaging over Cellular Networks},
author = {A. Festag and M. Wiecker and N. Zahariev},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2012_Festag_ITSWC.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-10-22},
urldate = {2012-10-22},
booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {Vehicular communication for road safety and traffic efficiency applications based on short-range wireless communication (IEEE 802.11p/ITS G5) and ad hoc networking has been extensively studied and is being tested in major field trials. For the same purpose, the usage of cellular mobile networks has recently received more attention. This paper investigates a case study of a road-works warning and an obstacle warning application that applies GeoMessaging over cellular mobile networks. We present a system architecture based on a GeoService Backend concept and a protocol design. Our approach enhances existing protocols for safety and traffic efficiency messages, originally developed for ad hoc communication over short-range radio, and integrates cellular mobile networks and ad hoc networks. The approach introduces two types of messages that tradeoff between dissemination area and validity time. Finally, the paper presents the implementation design of the GeoService Backend and gives an outlook to the tests that will be carried out in the DRIVE C2X project, a pan-European field trial for vehicular communication.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Vehicular communication for road safety and traffic efficiency applications based on short-range wireless communication (IEEE 802.11p/ITS G5) and ad hoc networking has been extensively studied and is being tested in major field trials. For the same purpose, the usage of cellular mobile networks has recently received more attention. This paper investigates a case study of a road-works warning and an obstacle warning application that applies GeoMessaging over cellular mobile networks. We present a system architecture based on a GeoService Backend concept and a protocol design. Our approach enhances existing protocols for safety and traffic efficiency messages, originally developed for ad hoc communication over short-range radio, and integrates cellular mobile networks and ad hoc networks. The approach introduces two types of messages that tradeoff between dissemination area and validity time. Finally, the paper presents the implementation design of the GeoService Backend and gives an outlook to the tests that will be carried out in the DRIVE C2X project, a pan-European field trial for vehicular communication.
54.
Alesiani, F.; Lykkja, O. M.; Festag, A.; Baldessari, R.
Cooperative ITS Messages for Green Mobility: An Overview from the eCoMove Project Proceedings Article
In: ITS World Congress and Exhibition, Vienna, Austria, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Alesiani:ITSWC:2012,
title = {Cooperative ITS Messages for Green Mobility: An Overview from the eCoMove Project},
author = {F. Alesiani and O. M. Lykkja and A. Festag and R. Baldessari},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2012_Alesiani_ITSWC.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-10-22},
urldate = {2012-10-22},
booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {Energy consumption reduction is key factor for sustainable mobility. This paper presents the design and specification of eCoMessages as a key technology component of the eCoMove project. These messages enhance existing protocols for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications, which were primarily designed for road safety applications. The ecoMessages enable a wide range of applications for ecoDriving and ecoTraffic management and Control, while taking into account requirements from safety applications. The use of the ecoMessages is described in the context of two Green Mobility use cases, i.e. emission-based intersection priority and truck platooning on highways.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Energy consumption reduction is key factor for sustainable mobility. This paper presents the design and specification of eCoMessages as a key technology component of the eCoMove project. These messages enhance existing protocols for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications, which were primarily designed for road safety applications. The ecoMessages enable a wide range of applications for ecoDriving and ecoTraffic management and Control, while taking into account requirements from safety applications. The use of the ecoMessages is described in the context of two Green Mobility use cases, i.e. emission-based intersection priority and truck platooning on highways.
55.
Le, L.; Baldessari, R.; Salvador, P.; Festag, A.; Zhang, W.
Performance Evaluation of Beacon Congestion Control Algorithms for VANETs Proceedings Article
In: EEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), Houston, TX, USA, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Le:GLOBECOM:2011,
title = {Performance Evaluation of Beacon Congestion Control Algorithms for VANETs},
author = {L. Le and R. Baldessari and P. Salvador and A. Festag and W. Zhang},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6133897},
doi = {10.1109/GLOCOM.2011.6133897},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-12-09},
urldate = {2012-01-19},
booktitle = {EEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM)},
address = {Houston, TX, USA},
abstract = {Beacon and event-driven warning messages are two important messages that are used by many Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications for improving road safety and traffic efficiency. Beacon messages are regularly broadcast by each vehicle to notify other vehicles of its presence and its status. Event-driven warning messages are emitted when a vehicle or the road infrastructure discerns a critical situation. When congestion occurs, it is necessary to reduce the beacon load to keep a certain amount of the available bandwidth for the event-driven messages because they carry time- critical information of high importance. This paper considers three beacon congestion control algorithms that control the beacon load below a certain threshold by adjusting the transmit rate and/or transmit power for the beacon messages. We perform a large set of simulations to evaluate these algorithms. Our simulation results reveal promising results for these algorithms.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Beacon and event-driven warning messages are two important messages that are used by many Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications for improving road safety and traffic efficiency. Beacon messages are regularly broadcast by each vehicle to notify other vehicles of its presence and its status. Event-driven warning messages are emitted when a vehicle or the road infrastructure discerns a critical situation. When congestion occurs, it is necessary to reduce the beacon load to keep a certain amount of the available bandwidth for the event-driven messages because they carry time- critical information of high importance. This paper considers three beacon congestion control algorithms that control the beacon load below a certain threshold by adjusting the transmit rate and/or transmit power for the beacon messages. We perform a large set of simulations to evaluate these algorithms. Our simulation results reveal promising results for these algorithms.
56.
Festag, A.; Le, L.; Goleva, M.
Field Operational Tests for Cooperative Systems: A Tussle Between Research, Standardization and Deployment Proceedings Article
In: ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Internetworking (ACM VANET), pp. 73–78, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: standardization, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Festag:VANET:2011,
title = {Field Operational Tests for Cooperative Systems: A Tussle Between Research, Standardization and Deployment},
author = {A. Festag and L. Le and M. Goleva},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2011_Festag_VANET.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/2030698.2030710},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-11-23},
urldate = {2011-11-23},
booktitle = {ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Internetworking (ACM VANET)},
pages = {73–78},
address = {Las Vegas, NV, USA},
abstract = {After a decade of research and technology development, road cooperative systems based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside infrastructure communication are currently in a trial phase. Major field operational tests (FOTs) are carried out to verify the operation of cooperative systems in real environments and assess the impact of applications on road safety, traffic efficiency as well as driver behavior and user satisfaction. Standards to achieve interoperability are developed and a potential introduction of a cooperative system is prepared. An FOT is exposed to various requirements from research, standards and deployment that are - at least partially - adverse to each other. We study the dependencies for the case of the DRIVE C2X project, a pan-European FOT for cooperative system. The paper puts the technologies used in the FoT, particularly focusing on communication, into the context of research activities for cooperative systems. We show that the FOT is based on technologies for a minimal cooperative system that is ready to be introduced and sustainably deployed. Further, we identify research concepts and technologies that did not find their way into the basic cooperative system yet and discuss potential directions for future enhancement of the minimal system.},
keywords = {standardization, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
After a decade of research and technology development, road cooperative systems based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside infrastructure communication are currently in a trial phase. Major field operational tests (FOTs) are carried out to verify the operation of cooperative systems in real environments and assess the impact of applications on road safety, traffic efficiency as well as driver behavior and user satisfaction. Standards to achieve interoperability are developed and a potential introduction of a cooperative system is prepared. An FOT is exposed to various requirements from research, standards and deployment that are - at least partially - adverse to each other. We study the dependencies for the case of the DRIVE C2X project, a pan-European FOT for cooperative system. The paper puts the technologies used in the FoT, particularly focusing on communication, into the context of research activities for cooperative systems. We show that the FOT is based on technologies for a minimal cooperative system that is ready to be introduced and sustainably deployed. Further, we identify research concepts and technologies that did not find their way into the basic cooperative system yet and discuss potential directions for future enhancement of the minimal system.
57.
Le, L.; Festag, A.; Mäder, A.; Baldessari, R.; Sakata, M.; Tsukahara, T.; Kato, M.
Infrastructure-Assisted Communication for CAR-2-X Communication Proceedings Article
In: ITS World Congress and Exhibition, Orlando, FL, USA, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Le:ITSWC:2011,
title = {Infrastructure-Assisted Communication for CAR-2-X Communication},
author = {L. Le and A. Festag and A. Mäder and R. Baldessari and M. Sakata and T. Tsukahara and M. Kato},
url = {https://festag-net.de/2011_le_itswc.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-11-16},
urldate = {2011-11-16},
booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},
address = {Orlando, FL, USA},
abstract = {Vehicular communication is considered an important technology in Intelligent Transport Systems because it allows vehicles to exchange information with each other to improve road safety, traffic efficiency, and travel comfort. Several research projects have investigated the feasibility of vehicular communication using a centralized or distributed approach. The distributed approach employs short-range wireless communication such as IEEE 802.11p, positioning technology (GPS) and position-based ad hoc routing. The centralized approach relies on the wireless access network infrastructure of mobile network operators. This paper presents a survey for both approaches and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Vehicular communication is considered an important technology in Intelligent Transport Systems because it allows vehicles to exchange information with each other to improve road safety, traffic efficiency, and travel comfort. Several research projects have investigated the feasibility of vehicular communication using a centralized or distributed approach. The distributed approach employs short-range wireless communication such as IEEE 802.11p, positioning technology (GPS) and position-based ad hoc routing. The centralized approach relies on the wireless access network infrastructure of mobile network operators. This paper presents a survey for both approaches and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches.
58.
Stahlmann, R.; Festag, A.; Tomatis, A.; Radusch, I.; Fischer, F.
Starting European Field Tests for CAR-2-X Communication: The DRIVE C2X Framework Proceedings Article
In: ITS World Congress and Exhibition, Orlando, FL, USA, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Stahlmann:ITSWC:2011,
title = {Starting European Field Tests for CAR-2-X Communication: The DRIVE C2X Framework},
author = {R. Stahlmann and A. Festag and A. Tomatis and I. Radusch and F. Fischer},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2011_Stahlmann_ITSWC.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-11-16},
urldate = {2011-11-16},
booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},
address = {Orlando, FL, USA},
abstract = {In the last decade, various research and development activities in communication systems for car-to- car and car-to-infrastructure communication have reached a mature technological level and are being standardized. From such communication systems, in particular operating in the 5GHz frequency band with WLAN technology, a great benefit in safety and road traffic efficiency is expected. DRIVE C2X is a European project that plans, organizes and evaluates field operational tests (FOT) for cooperative systems using CAR-2-X communication. This paper presents the testing framework of the project. It covers test methodology, system specification and implementation, tools for test execution and control, as well as operational and technical guidelines. The framework will be used at various test sites across Europe. It enables test sites to execute field tests and assesses the impact of the system on safety as well as socio-economic aspects.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In the last decade, various research and development activities in communication systems for car-to- car and car-to-infrastructure communication have reached a mature technological level and are being standardized. From such communication systems, in particular operating in the 5GHz frequency band with WLAN technology, a great benefit in safety and road traffic efficiency is expected. DRIVE C2X is a European project that plans, organizes and evaluates field operational tests (FOT) for cooperative systems using CAR-2-X communication. This paper presents the testing framework of the project. It covers test methodology, system specification and implementation, tools for test execution and control, as well as operational and technical guidelines. The framework will be used at various test sites across Europe. It enables test sites to execute field tests and assesses the impact of the system on safety as well as socio-economic aspects.
59.
Baldessari, R.; Le, L.; Zhang, W.; Festag, A.
Joining Forces for VANETs: A Combined Transmit Power and Rate Control Algorithm Proceedings Article
In: International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT), Hamburg, Germany, 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Baldessari:WIT:2010,
title = {Joining Forces for VANETs: A Combined Transmit Power and Rate Control Algorithm},
author = {R. Baldessari and L. Le and W. Zhang and A. Festag},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2010_Baldessari_WIT.pdf},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-03-23},
urldate = {2010-03-23},
booktitle = {International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT)},
address = {Hamburg, Germany},
abstract = {In this paper, we tackle the problem of network congestion in IEEE 802.11p-based vehicular networks and pro-pose a novel mechanism for the combination of power and message interval control in a single algorithm loop, which outperforms separate power and interval control algorithms. The solution addresses the need for controlling the load generated by periodic messages and is the result of extensive comparative simulations aimed at identifying the most effective combination strategy. A reference system in-line with the ongoing European standardization activities is adopted.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper, we tackle the problem of network congestion in IEEE 802.11p-based vehicular networks and pro-pose a novel mechanism for the combination of power and message interval control in a single algorithm loop, which outperforms separate power and interval control algorithms. The solution addresses the need for controlling the load generated by periodic messages and is the result of extensive comparative simulations aimed at identifying the most effective combination strategy. A reference system in-line with the ongoing European standardization activities is adopted.
60.
Festag, A.; Papadimitratos, P.; Tielert, T.
Design and Performance of Secure Geocast for Vehicular Communication Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 2456-2471, 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: security, V2X communication
@article{Festag:TVT:2010,
title = {Design and Performance of Secure Geocast for Vehicular Communication},
author = {A. Festag and P. Papadimitratos and T. Tielert},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5431029},
doi = {10.1109/TVT.2010.2045014},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-03-15},
urldate = {2010-03-15},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology},
volume = {59},
number = {5},
pages = {2456-2471},
abstract = {The characteristics of vehicular communication environments and their networking and application requirements have led to the development of unique networking protocols. They enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication based on the IEEE 802.11 technology, ad hoc principles, and wireless multihop techniques using geographical positions. These protocols, which are commonly referred to as Geocast, greatly support the vehicular communication and applications but necessitate a tailored security solution that provides the required security level with reasonable processing and protocol overhead, as well as reasonably priced onboard and road-side unit equipment. In this paper, we present the design of a security solution for Geocast, which is based on cryptographic protection, plausibility checks using secure neighbor discovery and mobility-related checks, trustworthy neighborhood assessment, and rate limitation. We analyze the achieved security level of the proposed scheme and assess its overhead and performance. Furthermore, we develop a software-based prototype implementation of a secure vehicular communication system. We find that the proposed security measures could result in a network performance bottleneck in realistic vehicular scenarios. Finally, we analyze the tradeoff between security overhead and protocol performance and determine the minimal processing overhead needed for acceptable performance.},
keywords = {security, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The characteristics of vehicular communication environments and their networking and application requirements have led to the development of unique networking protocols. They enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication based on the IEEE 802.11 technology, ad hoc principles, and wireless multihop techniques using geographical positions. These protocols, which are commonly referred to as Geocast, greatly support the vehicular communication and applications but necessitate a tailored security solution that provides the required security level with reasonable processing and protocol overhead, as well as reasonably priced onboard and road-side unit equipment. In this paper, we present the design of a security solution for Geocast, which is based on cryptographic protection, plausibility checks using secure neighbor discovery and mobility-related checks, trustworthy neighborhood assessment, and rate limitation. We analyze the achieved security level of the proposed scheme and assess its overhead and performance. Furthermore, we develop a software-based prototype implementation of a secure vehicular communication system. We find that the proposed security measures could result in a network performance bottleneck in realistic vehicular scenarios. Finally, we analyze the tradeoff between security overhead and protocol performance and determine the minimal processing overhead needed for acceptable performance.