Publications

@inproceedings{Drigo:VANET:2009,

title = {Distributed Rate Control Algorithm for VANETs (DRCV)},

author = {M. Drigo and W. Zhang and R. Baldessari and L. Le and A. Festag and M. Zorzi},

url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2009_Drigo_ACMVANET.pdf},

doi = {10.1145/1614269.1614290},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-09-25},

urldate = {2009-09-25},

booktitle = {ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Internetworking (ACM VANET},

pages = {119-120},

address = {Beijing, China},

abstract = {This paper presents Distributed Rate Control for VANETs (DRCV), a distributed light-weight congestion control algorithm tailored for safety messages. DRCV monitors and estimates channel load and controls the packet rate of outgoing periodic packets. A new approach called Fast Drop is adopted to promptly drop the rate of periodic packets when event-driven safety packets are detected. Simulations show the effectiveness of DRCV in increasing packet reception probabilities and achieving efficient channel usage.},

keywords = {V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Bechler:ITSWC:2009,

title = {Evolving the European ITS Architecture for Car-to-X Communication},

author = {M. Bechler and T. M. Bohnert and S. Cosenza and A. Festag and M. Gerlach and D. Seeberger},

url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2009_Bechler_ITSWC.pdf},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-09-21},

urldate = {2009-09-21},

booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},

address = {Stockholm, Sweden},

abstract = {With the publication of a first framework of the communications architecture for European Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), a major milestone was achieved in harmonization of various R&D efforts towards a unified architecture. Relying on this framework, the project PRE-DRIVE C2X further elaborates four main aspects of the ITS communications architecture: (i) overall system architecture, (ii) network architecture, (iii) integration of ad hoc, infrastructure and backend services, and (iv) security architecture. This paper presents the main aspects of the architecture views and gives an outlook to further developments of the architecture, standardization, and deployment in future Field Operational Tests of cooperative systems.},

keywords = {V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Hess:ITSWC:2009,

title = {Towards Standards for Sustainable ITS in Europe},

author = {S. Hess and G. Segarra and K. Evensen and A. Festag and T. Weber and S. Cadzow and M. Arndt and A. Wiles},

url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2009_Hess_ITSWC.pdf},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-09-21},

urldate = {2009-09-21},

booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},

address = {Stockholm, Sweden},

abstract = {Standardization is a key factor for the introduction and penetration of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). In Europe, the regulatory and technical framework for deployment and operation of ITS have been set up. The ETSI Technical Committee for Intelligent Transport Systems (ETSI TC ITS) is developing technical standards and specifications for the use of information and communication technologies by transport infrastructures, vehicles and users. This paper outlines the structure and objectives of the technical committee, describes its position among the various ITS stakeholders and presents the main work items of the committee's work groups. Focusing on automotive ITS in the first phase, the TC ITS is expected to complete a first, coherent set of technical specifications by the end of 2009. This initial ``release 1'' of ITS base standards allows for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication using 5 GHz wireless communications (ITS-G5). It covers ad hoc and IP- based networking, facilities for safety and traffic efficiency applications, security and management aspects. Future activities are expected to address a broader range of communication technologies and use cases, develop test standards, and further contribute to the technical and regulatory framework as well as to worldwide standardization and harmonization of ITS.},

keywords = {standardization, V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Festag:VehiMobil:2009,

title = {CAR-2-X Communication SDK – A Software Toolkit for Rapid Application Development and Experimentations},

author = {A. Festag and R. Baldessari and W. Zhang and L. Le},

url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2009_Festag_VehiMobil.pdf},

doi = {10.1109/ICCW.2009.5208070},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-06-14},

urldate = {2009-08-18},

booktitle = {IEEE Vehicular Networking and Applications Workshop – Future Wireless Technologies for Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) Applications (VehiMobil), co-located with IEEE ICC 2009},

address = {Dresden, Germany},

abstract = {The CAR-2-X communication SDK is a software implementation of a networking protocol stack for car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure communication with IEEE 802.11 radio technology. The core of the SDK is a routing protocol that provides wireless ad hoc and multi-hop communication using geographical positions for addressing and packet forwarding. The routing protocol scheme is enhanced by various features to meet the requirements of safety and infotainment applications in vehicular environments. The SDK can be executed in various hardware environments, such as virtual machines, software development systems and embedded hardware for automotive and road side units. The SDK enables rapid development of safety and infotainment applications for CAR-2-X communication by providing state-of-the-art communication protocols and well-defined application programming interfaces (APIs). The advanced features and a high grade of configurability makes the SDK an ideal software platform for experimentation and evaluation of CAR-2-X communication systems in laboratory environments and real world testbeds. In this paper we describe functionalities and features of the CAR-2-X communication SDK and present the SDK's implementation aspects for the protocols and API. Then, we present a framework for benchmarking and evaluation of CAR-2-X communication protocols. The CAR-2-X Communication SDK is available under the conditions of a software license and provided royalty-free.},

keywords = {measurements, V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Le:AMAA:2009,

title = {V2X Communication and Intersection Safety},

author = {L. Le and A. Festag and R. Baldessari and W. Zhang},

url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2009_Le_AMAA.pdf},

doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-00745-3_8},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-05-09},

urldate = {2009-05-09},

booktitle = {International Forum on Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications Smart Systems for Safety, Sustainablility and Comfort (AMAA)},

pages = {97-107},

address = {Berlin, Germany},

abstract = {Vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication (V2X communication) has great potential to increase road and passenger safety, and has been considered an important part of future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Several R&D projects around the world have been investigating various aspects of V2X communication. Some of these projects focus on specific issues of V2X communication for intersection safety (communication-based intersection safety) because intersections are the most complex driving environments where injury and fatal accidents occur frequently. In this paper, we discuss the technical details of V2X communication and discuss how it can be used to improve intersection safety.},

keywords = {safety, V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Le_IOT_2008,

title = {Analysis of Approaches for Channel Allocation in Car-to-Car Communication},

author = {L. Le and W. Zhang and A. Festag and R. Baldessari},

url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2008_Lee_IOT.pdf},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-03-26},

urldate = {2009-03-26},

booktitle = {1st International Workshop on Interoperable Vehicles (IOV)},

pages = {33-38},

address = {Zurich, Switzerland},

abstract = {Car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure communication (C2X communication) has received considerable attention worldwide. The main goals of C2X communication are reduction of road accidents and fatalities and improvement of traffic efficiency. In Europe, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is currently leading the spectrum allocation dedicated to road safety. It is expected that 30 MHz spectrum in the range from 5.875 to 5.905 GHz will be allocated for critical road safety and traffic efficiency applications. This paper provides a detailed analysis of channel allocation for the 30-MHz spectrum dedicated to safety-related C2X communication. Our contributions are: (1) We provide a comprehensive overview of existing approaches on the usage of the 30-MHz frequency band dedicated for safety-related C2X communication. (2) We analyze advantages and disadvantages of these approaches based on an extensive set of evaluation criteria. (3) We provide a recommendation for the channel allocation of the 30-MHz frequency band dedicated for safety-related C2X communication in Europe.},

keywords = {standardization, V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Le:WIT:2009,

title = {Communication-Based Intersection Safety: Motivation, Challenges and State-of-the-Art},

author = {L. Le and A. Festag and R. Baldessari and W. Zhang},

url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2009-Le_WIT.pdf},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-03-24},

urldate = {2009-03-24},

booktitle = {International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT)},

address = {Hamburg, Germany},

abstract = {V2X communication has recently attained significant attention from both academia and industry because it has the potential to improve road safety and to reduce road accidents and fatalities. For this reason, V2X communication has been considered an important part of future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). In V2X communication, vehicles are equipped with IEEE 802.11-based wireless network interfaces and can spontaneously form an ad hoc network among themselves. Vehicles can use this ad hoc network to communicate with each other in order to support safety applications such as cooperative collision warning. Several R&D projects around the world have been investigating various aspects of V2X communication. Some of these projects focus on specific issues of V2X communication for intersection safety because intersections are the most complex driving environments and include not only vehicles but also other road users such as pedestrians and cyclists. Thus, distraction or unpredictable behavior of a single driver can have a grave impact on many other road users. For this reason, intersection accidents occur frequently. Further, these accidents are usually very serious and usually involve several users. In this paper, we first review use cases for communication-based intersection safety. We then derive the requirements from these use cases and discuss their challenges. Based on these requirements, we present a protocol architecture for communication-based intersection safety that fits into the overall architecture of V2X communication.},

keywords = {safety, V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Festag:ITSWC:2008,

title = {Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Road-Side Sensor Communication for Enhanced Road Safety},

author = {A. Festag and A. Hessler and R. Baldessari and L. Le and W. Zhang and D. Westhoff},

url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2008_Festag_ITSWC.pdf},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-11-16},

urldate = {2008-11-16},

booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},

address = {New York, USA},

abstract = {We propose a hybrid ITS safety architecture that combines vehicle-to-vehicle communication and vehicle-to-roadside sensor communication. Opposed to dedicated roadside units, which require major investments for purchase, installation and maintenance, roadside wireless sensor and networking technology represents a cost-effective solution and can leverage the deployment of the system as a whole. Among the various services of the hybrid communication system, the paper introduces accident prevention and post-accident investigation. We present a system and protocol architecture with a fully distributed concept for efficient and secure storage of sensor data. For deployment, this architecture will likely be combined with an alternative approach using dedicated road-side units as a centralized network element for communication and data storage. For the proposed system, we describe the main components (radio, networking and services, security). Finally, we describe our prototype implementation and experimental testbed featuring hardware and software platforms for vehicle on-board units and sensor nodes.},

keywords = {safety, V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Zhang:ITST:2008,

title = {Congestion Control for Safety Messages in VANETs: Concepts and Frameworks},

author = {W. Zhang and A. Festag and R. Baldessari and L. Le},

url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4740256},

doi = {10.1109/ITST.2008.4740256},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-10-24},

urldate = {2008-10-24},

booktitle = {International Conference on ITS Telecommunications (ITST)},

address = {Phuket, Thailand},

abstract = {Congestion control in packet data networks has been extensively studied. However, most algorithms are not directly applicable to safety messages in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), which have stringent requirements on delay, reliability and dissemination area. Although certain algorithms have been investigated, there is still a lack of understanding on the related concepts, and there is no systematic analysis on different mechanisms in the overall context so far. This paper explores related concepts and their dependencies, makes a systematic analyse and presents a framework on congestion control for safety messages in VANETs.},

keywords = {V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Festag:WIT:2008,

title = {'NoW – Network on Wheels': Project Objectives, Technology and Achievements},

author = {A. Festag and G. Noecker and M. Strassberger and A. Lübke and B. Bochow and M. Torrent-Moreno and S. Schnaufer and R. Eigner and C. Catrinescu and J. Kunisch},

url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2008_Festag_WIT.pdf},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-03-18},

urldate = {2008-03-18},

booktitle = {International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT)},

pages = {211-216},

address = {Hamburg, Germany},

abstract = {NoW – Network on Wheels is a German research project carried out by major car manufacturers, suppliers, research institutes and universities, and supported by the German government. The project develops a vehicular communication system for car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure communication based on ad hoc principles and wireless LAN technology for road safety and infotainment applications. The paper (i) gives a project overview and recalls its motivation, (ii) outlines the developed system and technology, and (iii) summarizes the project achievements.},

keywords = {V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Harsch:VTCFall:2008,

title = {Secure Position-Based Routing for VANETs},

author = {C. Harsch and A. Festag and P. Papadimitratos},

url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4349671},

doi = {10.1109/VETECF.2007.22},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-09-30},

urldate = {2007-10-15},

booktitle = {Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall)},

address = {Baltimore, MD, USA},

abstract = {Vehicular communication (VC) systems have the potential to improve road safety and driving comfort. Nevertheless, securing the operation is a prerequisite for deployment. So far, the security of VC applications has mostly drawn the attention of research efforts, while comprehensive solutions to protect the network operation have not been developed. In this paper, we address this problem: we provide a scheme that secures geographic position-based routing, which has been widely accepted as the appropriate one for VC. Moreover, we focus on the scheme currently chosen and evaluated in the Car2Car Communication Consortium (C2C-CC). We integrate security mechanisms to protect the position-based routing functionality and services (beaconing, multi-hop forwarding, and geo-location discovery), and enhance the network robustness. We propose defense mechanisms, relying both on cryptographic primitives and plausibility checks mitigating false position injection. Our implementation and initial measurements show that the security overhead is low and the proposed scheme deployable.},

keywords = {V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Baldessari:ITST:2007,

title = {NEMO meets VANET: A Deployability Analysis of Network Mobility in Vehicular Communication},

author = {R. Baldessari and A. Festag and J. Abeille},

url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2007_Baldessari_ITST.pdf},

doi = {10.1109/ITST.2007.4295897},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-06-06},

urldate = {2007-08-27},

booktitle = {International Conference on ITS Telecommunications (ITST)},

pages = {375–380},

address = {Sophia Antipolis, France},

abstract = {The document analyzes the deployability of approaches for network mobility (NEMO) in wireless vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The vision for VANETs is road safety and commercial comfort applications enabled by short-range wireless technology. For a potential integrated solution of VANETs and NEMO, referred to as 'VANEMO', we consider a deployable system architecture and define requirements from a holistic view, taking into account economic, functional, and performance aspects. Next, we regard the vehicular network as a conventional mobile ad hoc network (VANET as a MANET), generalize possible solutions and classify them into two comprehensive approaches: MANET-centric and NEMO-centric. We analyze the two approaches with respect to the VANET specific requirements. We conclude that the MANET-centric approach meets the VANET functional and performance requirements better than the NEMO-centric approach.},

keywords = {mobile communication, V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Gerlach:WIT:2007,

title = {Security Architecture for Vehicular Communication},

author = {M. Gerlach and A. Festag and T. Leinmüller and G. Goldacker and C. Harsch},

url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2007_Gerlach_WIT.pdf},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-03-20},

urldate = {2007-03-20},

booktitle = {International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT)},

address = {Hamburg, Germany},

abstract = {Despite recent progress for vehicular communication in research, development, field tests, and standardization, security is still in an early phase though it represents a crucial part of the vehicular communication system. So far, no vehicular security architecture has been proposed which integrates existing individual solutions for vehicle registration, data integrity, authentication, and so on. By description of different architectural perspectives, we identify the stakeholders and their responsibilities. Then, we focus on the functional layer view and highlight the concepts which jointly secure the vehicular communication. Based on these concepts, we present an implementation approach which introduces the security concepts into the protocol stack of a vehicular communication system. The proposed security architecture follows a clean and modular design. It is the basis for our prototype implementation which will serve as a proof-of-concept. We will also submit this architecture to the ongoing standardization process of the Car2Car Communication Consortium (C2C-CC).},

keywords = {security, V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}

@inproceedings{Festag:WIT:2007,

title = {On Power-Aware Greedy Forwarding in Highway Scenarios},

author = {A. Festag and R. Baldessari and H. Wang},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-03-20},

booktitle = {International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT)},

address = {Hamburg, Germany},

keywords = {V2X communication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inproceedings}

}