Publications
81.
Michailow, N.; Matthé, M.; Gaspar, I.; Navarro, A.; Mendes, L.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing for 5th Generation Cellular Networks Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 3045-3061, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: wireless communication
@article{Michailow:TransComm:2014,
title = {Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing for 5th Generation Cellular Networks},
author = {N. Michailow and M. Matthé and I. Gaspar and A. Navarro and L. Mendes and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6871292},
doi = {10.1109/TCOMM.2014.2345566},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-08-14},
urldate = {2014-08-14},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Communications},
volume = {62},
number = {9},
pages = {3045-3061},
abstract = {Cellular systems of the fourth generation (4G) have been optimized to provide high data rates and reliable coverage to mobile users. Cellular systems of the next generation will face more diverse application requirements: the demand for higher data rates exceeds 4G capabilities; battery-driven communication sensors need ultra-low power consumption; and control applications require very short response times. We envision a unified physical layer waveform, referred to as generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), to address these requirements. In this paper, we analyze the main characteristics of the proposed waveform and highlight relevant features. After introducing the principles of GFDM, this paper contributes to the following areas: 1) the means for engineering the waveform's spectral properties; 2) analytical analysis of symbol error performance over different channel models; 3) concepts for MIMO-GFDM to achieve diversity; 4) preamble-based synchronization that preserves the excellent spectral properties of the waveform; 5) bit error rate performance for channel coded GFDM transmission using iterative receivers; 6) relevant application scenarios and suitable GFDM parameterizations; and 7) GFDM proof-of-concept and implementation aspects of the prototype using hardware platforms available today. In summary, the flexible nature of GFDM makes this waveform a suitable candidate for future 5G networks.},
keywords = {wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cellular systems of the fourth generation (4G) have been optimized to provide high data rates and reliable coverage to mobile users. Cellular systems of the next generation will face more diverse application requirements: the demand for higher data rates exceeds 4G capabilities; battery-driven communication sensors need ultra-low power consumption; and control applications require very short response times. We envision a unified physical layer waveform, referred to as generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), to address these requirements. In this paper, we analyze the main characteristics of the proposed waveform and highlight relevant features. After introducing the principles of GFDM, this paper contributes to the following areas: 1) the means for engineering the waveform's spectral properties; 2) analytical analysis of symbol error performance over different channel models; 3) concepts for MIMO-GFDM to achieve diversity; 4) preamble-based synchronization that preserves the excellent spectral properties of the waveform; 5) bit error rate performance for channel coded GFDM transmission using iterative receivers; 6) relevant application scenarios and suitable GFDM parameterizations; and 7) GFDM proof-of-concept and implementation aspects of the prototype using hardware platforms available today. In summary, the flexible nature of GFDM makes this waveform a suitable candidate for future 5G networks.
82.
Anwar, K.; Datta, R.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.; Galdo, G.; Gurgul, S.; Juntti, M.; Khalife, H.; Komulainen, P.; Schneider, C.; Szott, S.; Tafazolli, R.; Thomä, R.; Wszolek, J.; Xiao, P.; Yi, N.
RESCUE: Links-on-the-fly Technology for Robust, Efficient and Smart Communication in Unpredictable Environments Proceedings Article
In: European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC), Bologna, Italy, 2014.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: optimization, wireless communication
@inproceedings{Anwar:EUCNC:2014,
title = {RESCUE: Links-on-the-fly Technology for Robust, Efficient and Smart Communication in Unpredictable Environments},
author = {K. Anwar and R. Datta and A. Festag and G. Fettweis and G. Galdo and S. Gurgul and M. Juntti and H. Khalife and P. Komulainen and C. Schneider and S. Szott and R. Tafazolli and R. Thomä and J. Wszolek and P. Xiao and N. Yi},
url = {https://www.eucnc.eu/files/EuConNeCts-ProgramTemplate_final_RR_v2.pdf},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-06-24},
urldate = {2014-06-24},
booktitle = {European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC)},
address = {Bologna, Italy},
keywords = {optimization, wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
83.
Danneberg, M.; Datta, R.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Experimental Testbed for 5G Cognitive Radio Access in 4G LTE Cellular Systems Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM), A Coruna, Spain, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: cognitive radio, wireless communication
@inproceedings{Danneberg:SAM:2014,
title = {Experimental Testbed for 5G Cognitive Radio Access in 4G LTE Cellular Systems},
author = {M. Danneberg and R. Datta and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6882406},
doi = {10.1109/SAM.2014.6882406},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-06-22},
urldate = {2014-08-25},
booktitle = {IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM)},
address = {A Coruna, Spain},
abstract = {Cognitive radio technology addresses the limited availability of wireless spectrum and inefficiency of spectrum usage. Cognitive Radio (CR) devices sense their environment, detect spatially unused spectrum and opportunistically access available spectrum without creating harmful interference to the incumbents. In cellular systems with licensed spectrum, the efficient utilization of the spectrum as well as the protection of primary users is equally important, which imposes opportunities and challenges for the application of CR. This paper introduces an experimental framework for 5G cognitive radio access in current 4G LTE cellular systems. It can be used to study CR concepts in different scenarios, such as 4G to 5G system migrations, machine-type communications, device-to-device communications, and load balancing. Using our framework, selected measurement results are presented that compare Long Term Evolution (LTE) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) with a candidate 5G waveform called Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) and quantify the benefits of GFDM in CR scenarios.},
keywords = {cognitive radio, wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Cognitive radio technology addresses the limited availability of wireless spectrum and inefficiency of spectrum usage. Cognitive Radio (CR) devices sense their environment, detect spatially unused spectrum and opportunistically access available spectrum without creating harmful interference to the incumbents. In cellular systems with licensed spectrum, the efficient utilization of the spectrum as well as the protection of primary users is equally important, which imposes opportunities and challenges for the application of CR. This paper introduces an experimental framework for 5G cognitive radio access in current 4G LTE cellular systems. It can be used to study CR concepts in different scenarios, such as 4G to 5G system migrations, machine-type communications, device-to-device communications, and load balancing. Using our framework, selected measurement results are presented that compare Long Term Evolution (LTE) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) with a candidate 5G waveform called Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) and quantify the benefits of GFDM in CR scenarios.
84.
Danneberg, M.; Datta, R.; Festag, A.; Fettweis, G.
Demo: Experimental Testbed of Dynamic Spectrum Access of GFDM in Whitespace Scenarios Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the International ICST Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks (CrownCom), Oulu, Finland, 2014.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: measurements, wireless communication
@inproceedings{Danneberg:CROWNCOM:2014,
title = {Demo: Experimental Testbed of Dynamic Spectrum Access of GFDM in Whitespace Scenarios},
author = {M. Danneberg and R. Datta and A. Festag and G. Fettweis},
url = {http://www.crew-project.eu/content/demo-experimental-testbed-dynamic-spectrum-access-gfdm-whitespace-scenarios.html},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-06-01},
urldate = {2014-06-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the International ICST Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks (CrownCom)},
address = {Oulu, Finland},
keywords = {measurements, wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
85.
Fettweis, G.; Boche, H.; Wiegand, T.; Zielinski, E.; Schotten, H.; Merz, P.; Hirche, S.; Festag, A.; Häffner, W.; Meyer, M.; Steinbach, E.; Kraemer, R.; Steinmetz, R.; Hofmann, F.; Eisert, P.; Scholl, R.; Ellinger, F.; Weiß, E.; Riedel, I.
Taktiles Internet Technical Report
VDE-Positionspapier 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: mobile communication, wireless communication
@techreport{Fettweis:VDE-Tactile:2014,
title = {Taktiles Internet},
author = {G. Fettweis and H. Boche and T. Wiegand and E. Zielinski and H. Schotten and P. Merz and S. Hirche and A. Festag and W. Häffner and M. Meyer and E. Steinbach and R. Kraemer and R. Steinmetz and F. Hofmann and P. Eisert and R. Scholl and F. Ellinger and E. Weiß and I. Riedel},
url = {https://shop.vde.com/de/vde-positionspapier-taktiles-internet-8},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-03-01},
urldate = {2014-03-01},
pages = {32},
institution = {VDE-Positionspapier},
abstract = {Mobile Datenkommunikation ist allgegenwärtig. Heute verbindet das Mobile Internet Menschen überall miteinander und ermöglicht uns jederzeit den Austausch von Sprache, Daten und multimedialen Inhalten. Bisherige Innovationen ermöglichten durch ständig steigende Datenraten den PC in der Hand, das Smartphone. Zurzeit erleben wir, wie das Internet der Dinge alle Geräte vernetzt und uns dadurch den Alltag erleichtert. Als nächsten Innovationssprung sehen wir das Taktile Internet kommen.
Durch minimale Reaktionszeiten, höchste Verfügbarkeit, Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit wird das Taktile Internet die gesamte Wirtschaft und die Gesellschaft mit einem Innovationsschub beeinflussen. Es bietet viele neue Möglichkeiten für Technologieanbieter, Diensteanbieter und den Menschen.
Dieses Positionspapier zeigt das Zukunftspotenzial des Taktilen Internets anhand vielversprechender Anwendungsfelder in Industrie und Gesellschaft, beispielsweise in der Industrieautomatisierung, der Gesundheit und der Bildung. Darüber hinaus beschreibt es die Anforderungen an die zukünftige, digitale Infrastruktur, diskutiert den zu erwartenden Einfluss auf die Gesellschaft und leitet Handlungsempfehlungen ab.},
keywords = {mobile communication, wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Mobile Datenkommunikation ist allgegenwärtig. Heute verbindet das Mobile Internet Menschen überall miteinander und ermöglicht uns jederzeit den Austausch von Sprache, Daten und multimedialen Inhalten. Bisherige Innovationen ermöglichten durch ständig steigende Datenraten den PC in der Hand, das Smartphone. Zurzeit erleben wir, wie das Internet der Dinge alle Geräte vernetzt und uns dadurch den Alltag erleichtert. Als nächsten Innovationssprung sehen wir das Taktile Internet kommen.
Durch minimale Reaktionszeiten, höchste Verfügbarkeit, Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit wird das Taktile Internet die gesamte Wirtschaft und die Gesellschaft mit einem Innovationsschub beeinflussen. Es bietet viele neue Möglichkeiten für Technologieanbieter, Diensteanbieter und den Menschen.
Dieses Positionspapier zeigt das Zukunftspotenzial des Taktilen Internets anhand vielversprechender Anwendungsfelder in Industrie und Gesellschaft, beispielsweise in der Industrieautomatisierung, der Gesundheit und der Bildung. Darüber hinaus beschreibt es die Anforderungen an die zukünftige, digitale Infrastruktur, diskutiert den zu erwartenden Einfluss auf die Gesellschaft und leitet Handlungsempfehlungen ab.
Durch minimale Reaktionszeiten, höchste Verfügbarkeit, Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit wird das Taktile Internet die gesamte Wirtschaft und die Gesellschaft mit einem Innovationsschub beeinflussen. Es bietet viele neue Möglichkeiten für Technologieanbieter, Diensteanbieter und den Menschen.
Dieses Positionspapier zeigt das Zukunftspotenzial des Taktilen Internets anhand vielversprechender Anwendungsfelder in Industrie und Gesellschaft, beispielsweise in der Industrieautomatisierung, der Gesundheit und der Bildung. Darüber hinaus beschreibt es die Anforderungen an die zukünftige, digitale Infrastruktur, diskutiert den zu erwartenden Einfluss auf die Gesellschaft und leitet Handlungsempfehlungen ab.
86.
Wunder, G.; Jung, P.; Kasparick, M.; Wild, T.; Schaich, F.; Chen, Y.; tenBrink, S.; Gaspar, I.; Michailow, N.; Festag, A.; Mendes, L.; Cassiau, N.; Kténas, D.; Dryjanski, M.; Pietrzyk, S.; Eged, B.; Vago, P.
5GNOW: Non-Orthogonal, Asynchronous Waveforms for Future Mobile Applications Journal Article
In: IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 97-105, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: wireless communication
@article{Wunder:ComMag:2014,
title = {5GNOW: Non-Orthogonal, Asynchronous Waveforms for Future Mobile Applications},
author = {G. Wunder and P. Jung and M. Kasparick and T. Wild and F. Schaich and Y. Chen and S. tenBrink and I. Gaspar and N. Michailow and A. Festag and L. Mendes and N. Cassiau and D. Kténas and M. Dryjanski and S. Pietrzyk and B. Eged and P. Vago},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6736749},
doi = {10.1109/MCOM.2014.6736749},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-02-19},
urldate = {2014-02-19},
journal = {IEEE Communications Magazine},
volume = {52},
number = {2},
pages = {97-105},
abstract = {This article provides some fundamental indications about wireless communications beyond LTE/LTE-A (5G), representing the key findings of the European research project 5GNOW. We start with identifying the drivers for making the transition to 5G networks. Just to name one, the advent of the Internet of Things and its integration with conventional human-initiated transmissions creates a need for a fundamental system redesign. Then we make clear that the strict paradigm of synchronism and orthogonality as applied in LTE prevents efficiency and scalability. We challenge this paradigm and propose new key PHY layer technology components such as a unified frame structure, multicarrier waveform design including a filtering functionality, sparse signal processing mechanisms, a robustness framework, and transmissions with very short latency. These components enable indeed an efficient and scalable air interface supporting the highly varying set of requirements originating from the 5G drivers.},
keywords = {wireless communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article provides some fundamental indications about wireless communications beyond LTE/LTE-A (5G), representing the key findings of the European research project 5GNOW. We start with identifying the drivers for making the transition to 5G networks. Just to name one, the advent of the Internet of Things and its integration with conventional human-initiated transmissions creates a need for a fundamental system redesign. Then we make clear that the strict paradigm of synchronism and orthogonality as applied in LTE prevents efficiency and scalability. We challenge this paradigm and propose new key PHY layer technology components such as a unified frame structure, multicarrier waveform design including a filtering functionality, sparse signal processing mechanisms, a robustness framework, and transmissions with very short latency. These components enable indeed an efficient and scalable air interface supporting the highly varying set of requirements originating from the 5G drivers.
87.
Egea-Lopez, E.; Alcaraz, J. J.; Vales-Alonso, J.; Festag, A.; Garcia-Haro, J.
Statistical Beaconing Congestion Control for Vehicular Networks Journal Article
In: IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Special Section on Vehicular Network and Communication System – From Laboratories into Reality, vol. 9, no. 62, pp. 4162-4181, 2013.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@article{Egea-Lopez:TVT:2013,
title = {Statistical Beaconing Congestion Control for Vehicular Networks},
author = {E. Egea-Lopez and J. J. Alcaraz and J. Vales-Alonso and A. Festag and J. Garcia-Haro},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6517469},
doi = {10.1109/TVT.2013.2264065},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-05-20},
urldate = {2013-05-20},
journal = {IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Special Section on Vehicular Network and Communication System – From Laboratories into Reality},
volume = {9},
number = {62},
pages = {4162-4181},
abstract = {Cooperative inter-vehicular applications rely on the periodic exchange of broadcast single-hop status messages among vehicles, which are called beacons. The aggregated load on a wireless channel due to beacons can prevent the transmission of other types of messages, which is called channel congestion due to beaconing activity. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical approach to transmit power control (TPC) for beaconing congestion control, which is called statistical beaconing congestion control (SBCC). Unlike previous proposals, SBCC uses local information and very limited feedback, and its implementation is simple. Each vehicle locally computes the power needed to comply with a given maximum beacon load as a function of estimated channel parameters, vehicle density, and beaconing rate. A realistic Nakagami-m fading and path-loss propagation model is assumed. We provide a final expression of the algorithm as a linear proportional controller, with two variants, i.e., channel-busy-time-(CBT) based SBCC (SBCC-C) and neighbor-based SBCC (SBCC-N), depending on how the parameters are estimated. Additionally, we derive an expression for the estimated communication range under interference, which approximates the average fraction of packets lost due to hidden-node collisions. Finally, we evaluate the performance degradation caused by differences in local vehicle densities and propose a mechanism, which is called edge correction (EC), to limit it while keeping the safety benefits of an extended range at the edge of a cluster of vehicles. SBCC is validated with a realistic hybrid network-traffic simulator, and results show that it effectively controls beaconing congestion.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cooperative inter-vehicular applications rely on the periodic exchange of broadcast single-hop status messages among vehicles, which are called beacons. The aggregated load on a wireless channel due to beacons can prevent the transmission of other types of messages, which is called channel congestion due to beaconing activity. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical approach to transmit power control (TPC) for beaconing congestion control, which is called statistical beaconing congestion control (SBCC). Unlike previous proposals, SBCC uses local information and very limited feedback, and its implementation is simple. Each vehicle locally computes the power needed to comply with a given maximum beacon load as a function of estimated channel parameters, vehicle density, and beaconing rate. A realistic Nakagami-m fading and path-loss propagation model is assumed. We provide a final expression of the algorithm as a linear proportional controller, with two variants, i.e., channel-busy-time-(CBT) based SBCC (SBCC-C) and neighbor-based SBCC (SBCC-N), depending on how the parameters are estimated. Additionally, we derive an expression for the estimated communication range under interference, which approximates the average fraction of packets lost due to hidden-node collisions. Finally, we evaluate the performance degradation caused by differences in local vehicle densities and propose a mechanism, which is called edge correction (EC), to limit it while keeping the safety benefits of an extended range at the edge of a cluster of vehicles. SBCC is validated with a realistic hybrid network-traffic simulator, and results show that it effectively controls beaconing congestion.
88.
Costa-Pérez, X.; Festag, A.; Kolbe, H. -J.; Quittek, J.; Schmid, S.; Stiemerling, M.; Swetina, J.; Veen, H.
Latest Trends in Telecommunication Standards Journal Article
In: ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review Archive, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 64-71, 2013.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: communication, standardization
@article{CostaPerez:CompCommReview:2013,
title = {Latest Trends in Telecommunication Standards},
author = {X. Costa-Pérez and A. Festag and H. -J. Kolbe and J. Quittek and S. Schmid and M. Stiemerling and J. Swetina and H. Veen},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2479957.2479968},
doi = {10.1145/2479957.2479968},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-04-29},
urldate = {2013-04-29},
journal = {ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review Archive},
volume = {43},
number = {2},
pages = {64-71},
abstract = {Standardization organizations play a major role in the telecommunications industry to guarantee interoperability between vendors and allow for a common ground where all players can voice their opinion regarding the direction the industry should follow. In this paper we review the current activities in some of the most relevant standardization bodies in the area of communication networks: 3GPP, IEEE 802.11, BBF, IETF, ONF, ETSI ISG NFV, oneM2M and ETSI TC ITS. Major innovations being developed in these bodies are summarized describing the most disruptive directions taken and expected to have a remarkable impact in future networks. Finally, some trends common among different bodies are identified covering different dimensions: i) core technology enhancements, ii) inter-organizations cooperation for convergence, iii) consideration of raising disruptive technical concepts, and iv) expanding into emerging use cases aiming at an increase of future market size.},
keywords = {communication, standardization},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Standardization organizations play a major role in the telecommunications industry to guarantee interoperability between vendors and allow for a common ground where all players can voice their opinion regarding the direction the industry should follow. In this paper we review the current activities in some of the most relevant standardization bodies in the area of communication networks: 3GPP, IEEE 802.11, BBF, IETF, ONF, ETSI ISG NFV, oneM2M and ETSI TC ITS. Major innovations being developed in these bodies are summarized describing the most disruptive directions taken and expected to have a remarkable impact in future networks. Finally, some trends common among different bodies are identified covering different dimensions: i) core technology enhancements, ii) inter-organizations cooperation for convergence, iii) consideration of raising disruptive technical concepts, and iv) expanding into emerging use cases aiming at an increase of future market size.
89.
Festag, A.; Wiecker, M.; Zahariev, N.
Safety and Traffic Efficiency Appllications for GeoMessaging over Cellular Networks Proceedings Article
In: ITS World Congress and Exhibition, Vienna, Austria, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Festag:ITSWC:2012,
title = {Safety and Traffic Efficiency Appllications for GeoMessaging over Cellular Networks},
author = {A. Festag and M. Wiecker and N. Zahariev},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2012_Festag_ITSWC.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-10-22},
urldate = {2012-10-22},
booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {Vehicular communication for road safety and traffic efficiency applications based on short-range wireless communication (IEEE 802.11p/ITS G5) and ad hoc networking has been extensively studied and is being tested in major field trials. For the same purpose, the usage of cellular mobile networks has recently received more attention. This paper investigates a case study of a road-works warning and an obstacle warning application that applies GeoMessaging over cellular mobile networks. We present a system architecture based on a GeoService Backend concept and a protocol design. Our approach enhances existing protocols for safety and traffic efficiency messages, originally developed for ad hoc communication over short-range radio, and integrates cellular mobile networks and ad hoc networks. The approach introduces two types of messages that tradeoff between dissemination area and validity time. Finally, the paper presents the implementation design of the GeoService Backend and gives an outlook to the tests that will be carried out in the DRIVE C2X project, a pan-European field trial for vehicular communication.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Vehicular communication for road safety and traffic efficiency applications based on short-range wireless communication (IEEE 802.11p/ITS G5) and ad hoc networking has been extensively studied and is being tested in major field trials. For the same purpose, the usage of cellular mobile networks has recently received more attention. This paper investigates a case study of a road-works warning and an obstacle warning application that applies GeoMessaging over cellular mobile networks. We present a system architecture based on a GeoService Backend concept and a protocol design. Our approach enhances existing protocols for safety and traffic efficiency messages, originally developed for ad hoc communication over short-range radio, and integrates cellular mobile networks and ad hoc networks. The approach introduces two types of messages that tradeoff between dissemination area and validity time. Finally, the paper presents the implementation design of the GeoService Backend and gives an outlook to the tests that will be carried out in the DRIVE C2X project, a pan-European field trial for vehicular communication.
90.
Alesiani, F.; Lykkja, O. M.; Festag, A.; Baldessari, R.
Cooperative ITS Messages for Green Mobility: An Overview from the eCoMove Project Proceedings Article
In: ITS World Congress and Exhibition, Vienna, Austria, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Alesiani:ITSWC:2012,
title = {Cooperative ITS Messages for Green Mobility: An Overview from the eCoMove Project},
author = {F. Alesiani and O. M. Lykkja and A. Festag and R. Baldessari},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2012_Alesiani_ITSWC.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-10-22},
urldate = {2012-10-22},
booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},
address = {Vienna, Austria},
abstract = {Energy consumption reduction is key factor for sustainable mobility. This paper presents the design and specification of eCoMessages as a key technology component of the eCoMove project. These messages enhance existing protocols for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications, which were primarily designed for road safety applications. The ecoMessages enable a wide range of applications for ecoDriving and ecoTraffic management and Control, while taking into account requirements from safety applications. The use of the ecoMessages is described in the context of two Green Mobility use cases, i.e. emission-based intersection priority and truck platooning on highways.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Energy consumption reduction is key factor for sustainable mobility. This paper presents the design and specification of eCoMessages as a key technology component of the eCoMove project. These messages enhance existing protocols for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications, which were primarily designed for road safety applications. The ecoMessages enable a wide range of applications for ecoDriving and ecoTraffic management and Control, while taking into account requirements from safety applications. The use of the ecoMessages is described in the context of two Green Mobility use cases, i.e. emission-based intersection priority and truck platooning on highways.
91.
Le, L.; Baldessari, R.; Salvador, P.; Festag, A.; Zhang, W.
Performance Evaluation of Beacon Congestion Control Algorithms for VANETs Proceedings Article
In: EEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM), Houston, TX, USA, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Le:GLOBECOM:2011,
title = {Performance Evaluation of Beacon Congestion Control Algorithms for VANETs},
author = {L. Le and R. Baldessari and P. Salvador and A. Festag and W. Zhang},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6133897},
doi = {10.1109/GLOCOM.2011.6133897},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-12-09},
urldate = {2012-01-19},
booktitle = {EEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM)},
address = {Houston, TX, USA},
abstract = {Beacon and event-driven warning messages are two important messages that are used by many Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications for improving road safety and traffic efficiency. Beacon messages are regularly broadcast by each vehicle to notify other vehicles of its presence and its status. Event-driven warning messages are emitted when a vehicle or the road infrastructure discerns a critical situation. When congestion occurs, it is necessary to reduce the beacon load to keep a certain amount of the available bandwidth for the event-driven messages because they carry time- critical information of high importance. This paper considers three beacon congestion control algorithms that control the beacon load below a certain threshold by adjusting the transmit rate and/or transmit power for the beacon messages. We perform a large set of simulations to evaluate these algorithms. Our simulation results reveal promising results for these algorithms.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Beacon and event-driven warning messages are two important messages that are used by many Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications for improving road safety and traffic efficiency. Beacon messages are regularly broadcast by each vehicle to notify other vehicles of its presence and its status. Event-driven warning messages are emitted when a vehicle or the road infrastructure discerns a critical situation. When congestion occurs, it is necessary to reduce the beacon load to keep a certain amount of the available bandwidth for the event-driven messages because they carry time- critical information of high importance. This paper considers three beacon congestion control algorithms that control the beacon load below a certain threshold by adjusting the transmit rate and/or transmit power for the beacon messages. We perform a large set of simulations to evaluate these algorithms. Our simulation results reveal promising results for these algorithms.
92.
Festag, A.; Le, L.; Goleva, M.
Field Operational Tests for Cooperative Systems: A Tussle Between Research, Standardization and Deployment Proceedings Article
In: ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Internetworking (ACM VANET), pp. 73–78, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: standardization, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Festag:VANET:2011,
title = {Field Operational Tests for Cooperative Systems: A Tussle Between Research, Standardization and Deployment},
author = {A. Festag and L. Le and M. Goleva},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2011_Festag_VANET.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/2030698.2030710},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-11-23},
urldate = {2011-11-23},
booktitle = {ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Internetworking (ACM VANET)},
pages = {73–78},
address = {Las Vegas, NV, USA},
abstract = {After a decade of research and technology development, road cooperative systems based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside infrastructure communication are currently in a trial phase. Major field operational tests (FOTs) are carried out to verify the operation of cooperative systems in real environments and assess the impact of applications on road safety, traffic efficiency as well as driver behavior and user satisfaction. Standards to achieve interoperability are developed and a potential introduction of a cooperative system is prepared. An FOT is exposed to various requirements from research, standards and deployment that are - at least partially - adverse to each other. We study the dependencies for the case of the DRIVE C2X project, a pan-European FOT for cooperative system. The paper puts the technologies used in the FoT, particularly focusing on communication, into the context of research activities for cooperative systems. We show that the FOT is based on technologies for a minimal cooperative system that is ready to be introduced and sustainably deployed. Further, we identify research concepts and technologies that did not find their way into the basic cooperative system yet and discuss potential directions for future enhancement of the minimal system.},
keywords = {standardization, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
After a decade of research and technology development, road cooperative systems based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside infrastructure communication are currently in a trial phase. Major field operational tests (FOTs) are carried out to verify the operation of cooperative systems in real environments and assess the impact of applications on road safety, traffic efficiency as well as driver behavior and user satisfaction. Standards to achieve interoperability are developed and a potential introduction of a cooperative system is prepared. An FOT is exposed to various requirements from research, standards and deployment that are - at least partially - adverse to each other. We study the dependencies for the case of the DRIVE C2X project, a pan-European FOT for cooperative system. The paper puts the technologies used in the FoT, particularly focusing on communication, into the context of research activities for cooperative systems. We show that the FOT is based on technologies for a minimal cooperative system that is ready to be introduced and sustainably deployed. Further, we identify research concepts and technologies that did not find their way into the basic cooperative system yet and discuss potential directions for future enhancement of the minimal system.
93.
Le, L.; Festag, A.; Mäder, A.; Baldessari, R.; Sakata, M.; Tsukahara, T.; Kato, M.
Infrastructure-Assisted Communication for CAR-2-X Communication Proceedings Article
In: ITS World Congress and Exhibition, Orlando, FL, USA, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Le:ITSWC:2011,
title = {Infrastructure-Assisted Communication for CAR-2-X Communication},
author = {L. Le and A. Festag and A. Mäder and R. Baldessari and M. Sakata and T. Tsukahara and M. Kato},
url = {https://festag-net.de/2011_le_itswc.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-11-16},
urldate = {2011-11-16},
booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},
address = {Orlando, FL, USA},
abstract = {Vehicular communication is considered an important technology in Intelligent Transport Systems because it allows vehicles to exchange information with each other to improve road safety, traffic efficiency, and travel comfort. Several research projects have investigated the feasibility of vehicular communication using a centralized or distributed approach. The distributed approach employs short-range wireless communication such as IEEE 802.11p, positioning technology (GPS) and position-based ad hoc routing. The centralized approach relies on the wireless access network infrastructure of mobile network operators. This paper presents a survey for both approaches and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Vehicular communication is considered an important technology in Intelligent Transport Systems because it allows vehicles to exchange information with each other to improve road safety, traffic efficiency, and travel comfort. Several research projects have investigated the feasibility of vehicular communication using a centralized or distributed approach. The distributed approach employs short-range wireless communication such as IEEE 802.11p, positioning technology (GPS) and position-based ad hoc routing. The centralized approach relies on the wireless access network infrastructure of mobile network operators. This paper presents a survey for both approaches and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches.
94.
Stahlmann, R.; Festag, A.; Tomatis, A.; Radusch, I.; Fischer, F.
Starting European Field Tests for CAR-2-X Communication: The DRIVE C2X Framework Proceedings Article
In: ITS World Congress and Exhibition, Orlando, FL, USA, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Stahlmann:ITSWC:2011,
title = {Starting European Field Tests for CAR-2-X Communication: The DRIVE C2X Framework},
author = {R. Stahlmann and A. Festag and A. Tomatis and I. Radusch and F. Fischer},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2011_Stahlmann_ITSWC.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-11-16},
urldate = {2011-11-16},
booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},
address = {Orlando, FL, USA},
abstract = {In the last decade, various research and development activities in communication systems for car-to- car and car-to-infrastructure communication have reached a mature technological level and are being standardized. From such communication systems, in particular operating in the 5GHz frequency band with WLAN technology, a great benefit in safety and road traffic efficiency is expected. DRIVE C2X is a European project that plans, organizes and evaluates field operational tests (FOT) for cooperative systems using CAR-2-X communication. This paper presents the testing framework of the project. It covers test methodology, system specification and implementation, tools for test execution and control, as well as operational and technical guidelines. The framework will be used at various test sites across Europe. It enables test sites to execute field tests and assesses the impact of the system on safety as well as socio-economic aspects.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In the last decade, various research and development activities in communication systems for car-to- car and car-to-infrastructure communication have reached a mature technological level and are being standardized. From such communication systems, in particular operating in the 5GHz frequency band with WLAN technology, a great benefit in safety and road traffic efficiency is expected. DRIVE C2X is a European project that plans, organizes and evaluates field operational tests (FOT) for cooperative systems using CAR-2-X communication. This paper presents the testing framework of the project. It covers test methodology, system specification and implementation, tools for test execution and control, as well as operational and technical guidelines. The framework will be used at various test sites across Europe. It enables test sites to execute field tests and assesses the impact of the system on safety as well as socio-economic aspects.
95.
Baldessari, R.; Le, L.; Zhang, W.; Festag, A.
Joining Forces for VANETs: A Combined Transmit Power and Rate Control Algorithm Proceedings Article
In: International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT), Hamburg, Germany, 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Baldessari:WIT:2010,
title = {Joining Forces for VANETs: A Combined Transmit Power and Rate Control Algorithm},
author = {R. Baldessari and L. Le and W. Zhang and A. Festag},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2010_Baldessari_WIT.pdf},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-03-23},
urldate = {2010-03-23},
booktitle = {International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT)},
address = {Hamburg, Germany},
abstract = {In this paper, we tackle the problem of network congestion in IEEE 802.11p-based vehicular networks and pro-pose a novel mechanism for the combination of power and message interval control in a single algorithm loop, which outperforms separate power and interval control algorithms. The solution addresses the need for controlling the load generated by periodic messages and is the result of extensive comparative simulations aimed at identifying the most effective combination strategy. A reference system in-line with the ongoing European standardization activities is adopted.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper, we tackle the problem of network congestion in IEEE 802.11p-based vehicular networks and pro-pose a novel mechanism for the combination of power and message interval control in a single algorithm loop, which outperforms separate power and interval control algorithms. The solution addresses the need for controlling the load generated by periodic messages and is the result of extensive comparative simulations aimed at identifying the most effective combination strategy. A reference system in-line with the ongoing European standardization activities is adopted.
96.
Festag, A.; Papadimitratos, P.; Tielert, T.
Design and Performance of Secure Geocast for Vehicular Communication Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 2456-2471, 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: security, V2X communication
@article{Festag:TVT:2010,
title = {Design and Performance of Secure Geocast for Vehicular Communication},
author = {A. Festag and P. Papadimitratos and T. Tielert},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5431029},
doi = {10.1109/TVT.2010.2045014},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-03-15},
urldate = {2010-03-15},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology},
volume = {59},
number = {5},
pages = {2456-2471},
abstract = {The characteristics of vehicular communication environments and their networking and application requirements have led to the development of unique networking protocols. They enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication based on the IEEE 802.11 technology, ad hoc principles, and wireless multihop techniques using geographical positions. These protocols, which are commonly referred to as Geocast, greatly support the vehicular communication and applications but necessitate a tailored security solution that provides the required security level with reasonable processing and protocol overhead, as well as reasonably priced onboard and road-side unit equipment. In this paper, we present the design of a security solution for Geocast, which is based on cryptographic protection, plausibility checks using secure neighbor discovery and mobility-related checks, trustworthy neighborhood assessment, and rate limitation. We analyze the achieved security level of the proposed scheme and assess its overhead and performance. Furthermore, we develop a software-based prototype implementation of a secure vehicular communication system. We find that the proposed security measures could result in a network performance bottleneck in realistic vehicular scenarios. Finally, we analyze the tradeoff between security overhead and protocol performance and determine the minimal processing overhead needed for acceptable performance.},
keywords = {security, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The characteristics of vehicular communication environments and their networking and application requirements have led to the development of unique networking protocols. They enable vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication based on the IEEE 802.11 technology, ad hoc principles, and wireless multihop techniques using geographical positions. These protocols, which are commonly referred to as Geocast, greatly support the vehicular communication and applications but necessitate a tailored security solution that provides the required security level with reasonable processing and protocol overhead, as well as reasonably priced onboard and road-side unit equipment. In this paper, we present the design of a security solution for Geocast, which is based on cryptographic protection, plausibility checks using secure neighbor discovery and mobility-related checks, trustworthy neighborhood assessment, and rate limitation. We analyze the achieved security level of the proposed scheme and assess its overhead and performance. Furthermore, we develop a software-based prototype implementation of a secure vehicular communication system. We find that the proposed security measures could result in a network performance bottleneck in realistic vehicular scenarios. Finally, we analyze the tradeoff between security overhead and protocol performance and determine the minimal processing overhead needed for acceptable performance.
97.
Le, L.; Festag, A.; Baldessari, R.; Zhang, W.
Vehicular Wireless Short-Range Communication for Improving Intersection Safety Journal Article
In: IEEE Communications Magazine, Automotive Networking Series, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 104-110, 2009.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: safety, V2X communication
@article{Le:ComMag:2009,
title = {Vehicular Wireless Short-Range Communication for Improving Intersection Safety},
author = {L. Le and A. Festag and R. Baldessari and W. Zhang},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5307473},
doi = {10.1109/MCOM.2009.5307473},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-11-03},
urldate = {2009-11-03},
journal = {IEEE Communications Magazine, Automotive Networking Series},
volume = {47},
number = {11},
pages = {104-110},
abstract = {Vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication has recently garnered considerable attention from both academia and industry because it holds the potential to improve road safety and to reduce road accidents. For this reason, V2X communication has been considered a key technology of the future Intelligent Transportation Systems. Use cases for V2X communication for enhancing intersection safety are appealing because intersections are the most complex and dangerous driving environments. This article reviews major related work and presents a communication architecture for intersection safety that supports these use cases. Our communication architecture respects the salient traits of V2X communication and fits into the overall V2X communication architecture. We perform various simulations to quantify the load of V2X communication at intersections and report the findings of our simulation study.},
keywords = {safety, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication has recently garnered considerable attention from both academia and industry because it holds the potential to improve road safety and to reduce road accidents. For this reason, V2X communication has been considered a key technology of the future Intelligent Transportation Systems. Use cases for V2X communication for enhancing intersection safety are appealing because intersections are the most complex and dangerous driving environments. This article reviews major related work and presents a communication architecture for intersection safety that supports these use cases. Our communication architecture respects the salient traits of V2X communication and fits into the overall V2X communication architecture. We perform various simulations to quantify the load of V2X communication at intersections and report the findings of our simulation study.
98.
Drigo, M.; Zhang, W.; Baldessari, R.; Le, L.; Festag, A.; Zorzi, M.
Distributed Rate Control Algorithm for VANETs (DRCV) Proceedings Article
In: ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Internetworking (ACM VANET, pp. 119-120, Beijing, China, 2009.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Drigo:VANET:2009,
title = {Distributed Rate Control Algorithm for VANETs (DRCV)},
author = {M. Drigo and W. Zhang and R. Baldessari and L. Le and A. Festag and M. Zorzi},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2009_Drigo_ACMVANET.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/1614269.1614290},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-09-25},
urldate = {2009-09-25},
booktitle = {ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Internetworking (ACM VANET},
pages = {119-120},
address = {Beijing, China},
abstract = {This paper presents Distributed Rate Control for VANETs (DRCV), a distributed light-weight congestion control algorithm tailored for safety messages. DRCV monitors and estimates channel load and controls the packet rate of outgoing periodic packets. A new approach called Fast Drop is adopted to promptly drop the rate of periodic packets when event-driven safety packets are detected. Simulations show the effectiveness of DRCV in increasing packet reception probabilities and achieving efficient channel usage.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper presents Distributed Rate Control for VANETs (DRCV), a distributed light-weight congestion control algorithm tailored for safety messages. DRCV monitors and estimates channel load and controls the packet rate of outgoing periodic packets. A new approach called Fast Drop is adopted to promptly drop the rate of periodic packets when event-driven safety packets are detected. Simulations show the effectiveness of DRCV in increasing packet reception probabilities and achieving efficient channel usage.
99.
Bechler, M.; Bohnert, T. M.; Cosenza, S.; Festag, A.; Gerlach, M.; Seeberger, D.
Evolving the European ITS Architecture for Car-to-X Communication Proceedings Article
In: ITS World Congress and Exhibition, Stockholm, Sweden, 2009.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: V2X communication
@inproceedings{Bechler:ITSWC:2009,
title = {Evolving the European ITS Architecture for Car-to-X Communication},
author = {M. Bechler and T. M. Bohnert and S. Cosenza and A. Festag and M. Gerlach and D. Seeberger},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2009_Bechler_ITSWC.pdf},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-09-21},
urldate = {2009-09-21},
booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
abstract = {With the publication of a first framework of the communications architecture for European Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), a major milestone was achieved in harmonization of various R&D efforts towards a unified architecture. Relying on this framework, the project PRE-DRIVE C2X further elaborates four main aspects of the ITS communications architecture: (i) overall system architecture, (ii) network architecture, (iii) integration of ad hoc, infrastructure and backend services, and (iv) security architecture. This paper presents the main aspects of the architecture views and gives an outlook to further developments of the architecture, standardization, and deployment in future Field Operational Tests of cooperative systems.},
keywords = {V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
With the publication of a first framework of the communications architecture for European Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), a major milestone was achieved in harmonization of various R&D efforts towards a unified architecture. Relying on this framework, the project PRE-DRIVE C2X further elaborates four main aspects of the ITS communications architecture: (i) overall system architecture, (ii) network architecture, (iii) integration of ad hoc, infrastructure and backend services, and (iv) security architecture. This paper presents the main aspects of the architecture views and gives an outlook to further developments of the architecture, standardization, and deployment in future Field Operational Tests of cooperative systems.
100.
Hess, S.; Segarra, G.; Evensen, K.; Festag, A.; Weber, T.; Cadzow, S.; Arndt, M.; Wiles, A.
Towards Standards for Sustainable ITS in Europe Proceedings Article
In: ITS World Congress and Exhibition, Stockholm, Sweden, 2009.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: standardization, V2X communication
@inproceedings{Hess:ITSWC:2009,
title = {Towards Standards for Sustainable ITS in Europe},
author = {S. Hess and G. Segarra and K. Evensen and A. Festag and T. Weber and S. Cadzow and M. Arndt and A. Wiles},
url = {https://festag-net.de/wp-content/uploads/2009_Hess_ITSWC.pdf},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-09-21},
urldate = {2009-09-21},
booktitle = {ITS World Congress and Exhibition},
address = {Stockholm, Sweden},
abstract = {Standardization is a key factor for the introduction and penetration of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). In Europe, the regulatory and technical framework for deployment and operation of ITS have been set up. The ETSI Technical Committee for Intelligent Transport Systems (ETSI TC ITS) is developing technical standards and specifications for the use of information and communication technologies by transport infrastructures, vehicles and users. This paper outlines the structure and objectives of the technical committee, describes its position among the various ITS stakeholders and presents the main work items of the committee's work groups. Focusing on automotive ITS in the first phase, the TC ITS is expected to complete a first, coherent set of technical specifications by the end of 2009. This initial ``release 1'' of ITS base standards allows for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication using 5 GHz wireless communications (ITS-G5). It covers ad hoc and IP- based networking, facilities for safety and traffic efficiency applications, security and management aspects. Future activities are expected to address a broader range of communication technologies and use cases, develop test standards, and further contribute to the technical and regulatory framework as well as to worldwide standardization and harmonization of ITS.},
keywords = {standardization, V2X communication},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Standardization is a key factor for the introduction and penetration of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). In Europe, the regulatory and technical framework for deployment and operation of ITS have been set up. The ETSI Technical Committee for Intelligent Transport Systems (ETSI TC ITS) is developing technical standards and specifications for the use of information and communication technologies by transport infrastructures, vehicles and users. This paper outlines the structure and objectives of the technical committee, describes its position among the various ITS stakeholders and presents the main work items of the committee's work groups. Focusing on automotive ITS in the first phase, the TC ITS is expected to complete a first, coherent set of technical specifications by the end of 2009. This initial ``release 1'' of ITS base standards allows for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication using 5 GHz wireless communications (ITS-G5). It covers ad hoc and IP- based networking, facilities for safety and traffic efficiency applications, security and management aspects. Future activities are expected to address a broader range of communication technologies and use cases, develop test standards, and further contribute to the technical and regulatory framework as well as to worldwide standardization and harmonization of ITS.